Structure-based designed herbicide resistant products

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are structure-based modelling methods for the preparation of acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) variants, including those that exhibit selectively increased resistance to herbicides such as imidazoline herbicides and AHAS inhibiting herbicides. The invention encompasses isolated DNAs encoding such variants, vectors that include the DNAs, and methods for producing the variant polypeptides and herbicide resistant plants containing specific AHAS gene mutations. Methods for weed control in crops are also provided.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This invention pertains to structure-based modelling and design of variants of acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) that are resistant to imidazolinones and other herbicides, the AHAS inhibiting herbicides, AHAS variants themselves, DNA encoding these variants, plants expressing these variants, and methods of weed management.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the initial step in the biosynthesis of isoleucine, leucine, and valine in bacteria, yeast, and plants. For example, the mature AHAS from Zea Mays is approximately a 599-amino acid protein that is localized in the chloroplast (see FIG. 1). The enzyme utilizes thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as cof actors and pyruvate as a substrate to form acetolactate. The enzyme also catalyzes the condensation of pyruvate and 2-ketobutyrate to form acetohydroxybutyrate. AHAS is also known as acetolactate synthase or acetolactate pyruvate lyase (carboxylating), and is designated EC 4.1.3.18. The active enzyme is probably at least a homodimer. Ibdah et al. (Protein Science, 3:479-S, 1994), in an abstract, disclose one model for the active site of AHAS.

[0003] A variety of herbicides including imidazolinone compounds such as imazethapyr (PURSUIT®—American Cyanamid Company-Wayne, N.J.), sulfonylurea-based compounds such as sulfometuron methyl (OUST®—E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company-Wilmington, Del.), triazolopyrimidine sulfonamides (Broadstrike™—Dow Elanco; see Gerwick, et al., Pestic. Sci. 29:357-364, 1990), sulfamoylureas (Rodaway et al., Mechanisms of Selectively of Ac 322,140 in Paddy Rice, Wheat and Barley, Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Weeds, 1993), pyrimidyl-oxy-benzoic acids (STABLE®—Kumiai Chemical Industry Company, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; see, The Pesticide Manual 10th Ed. pp. 888-889, Clive Tomlin, Ed., British Crop Protection Council, 49 Downing Street, Farmham, Surrey G49 7PH, UNITED KINGDOM), and sulfonylcarboxamides (Alvarado et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,914) act by inhibiting AHAS enzymatic activity. (See, Chaleff et al., Science 224:1443, 1984; LaRossa et al., J. Biol. Chem. 259:8753, 1984; Ray, Plant Physiol. 75:827, 11984; Shaner et al., Plant Physiol. 76:545, 1984). These herbicides are highly effective and environmentally benign. Their use in agriculture, however, is limited by their lack of selectivity, since crops as well as undesirable weeds are sensitive to the phytotoxic effects of these herbicides.

[0004] Bedbrook et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,659, 5,141,870, and 5,378,824, disclose several sulfonylurea resistant AHAS variants. However, these variants were either obtained by mutagenizing plants, seeds, or cells and selecting for herbicide-resistant mutants, or were derived from such mutants. This approach is unpredictable in that it relies (at least initially) on the random chance introduction of a relevant mutation, rather than a rational design approach based on a structural model of the target protein.

[0005] Thus, there is still a need in the art for methods and compositions that provide selective wide spectrum and/or specific herbicide resistance in cultivated crops. The present inventors have discovered that selective herbicide resistant variant forms of AHAS and plants containing the same can be prepared by structure-based modelling of AHAS against pyruvate oxidase (POX), identifying an herbicide binding pocket or pockets on the AHAS model, and designing specific mutations that alter the affinity of the herbicide for the binding pocket. These variants and plants are not inhibited or killed by one or more classes of herbicides and retain sufficient AHAS enzymatic activity to support crop growth.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006]FIG. 1 is an illustration of a 600 amino acid sequence corresponding to the approximately 599 amino acid sequence of acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) from Zea Mays which is given as an example of a plant AHAS enzyme. The sequence does not include a transit sequence, and the extra glycine is vestigial from a thrombin cleavage site. Residues Met53, Arg128, and Phe135 are shown in bold.

[0007]FIG. 2 is an illustration of the alignment of the sequence of maize AHAS and pyruvate oxidase (POX) from Lactobacillus planarum.

[0008]FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the secondary structure of an AHAS subunit. Regular secondary structure elements, α-helices and β-sheets, are depicted as circles and ellipses, respectively, and are numbered separately for each of the three domains within a subunit. Loops and coiled regions are represented by black lines, with numbers representing the approximate beginnings and ends of the elements. The locations of cofactor binding sites and known mutation sites are indicated by octahedrons and stars, respectively.

[0009]FIG. 4 is an illustration of a computer-generated model of the active site of maize AHAS with imazethapyr (PURSUIT® herbicide) modeled into the binding pocket.

[0010]FIG. 5 is an illustration of the homology among AHAS amino acid sequences derived from different plant species. pAC 751 is maize als 2 AHAS isozyme as expressed from the pAC 751 E. Coli expression vector as in FIG. 1; Maize als 2 is the maize als 2 AHAS isozyme; Maize als 1 is the maize als 1 AHAS isozyme; Tobac 1 is the tobacco AHAS SURA isozyme; Tobac 2 is the tobacco AHAS SuRB isozyme; Athcsr 12 is the Arabidopsis thaliana Csr 1.2 AHAS gene; Bnaal 3 is the Brassica napus AHAS III isozyme; and Bnaal 2is the Brassica napus AHAS II isozyme.

[0011] pAC 751 and Maize als 2 are identical genes except that Maize als 2 starts at the beginning of the transit sequence and pAC 751 starts at the putative mature N-terminal site with an additional glycine at the N-terminal due to the thrombin recognition sequence in the pGEX-2T expression vector. The N-terminal glycine is not a natural amino acid at that position.

[0012] Amino acid sequence alignments of the AHAS proteins were generated by PILEUP (GCG Package—Genetics Computer Group, Inc.,—University Research Park—Madison-Wis.). The consensus sequence was generated by PRETTY GCG Package.

[0013]FIG. 6 is a photographic illustration of an SDS-polyacrylamide gel stained for protein showing purification of maize AHAS. The lanes contain (from left to right): A, Molecular weight markers; B, Crude E. coli cell extract; C, Glutathione-agarose affinity purified preparation; D, Thrombin digest of the affinity purified preparation; E, Second pass through glutathione-agarose column and Sephacryl S-100 gel filtration.

[0014]FIG. 7 is a graphic illustration of the results of in vitro assays of the enzymatic activity of wild-type and mutant AHAS proteins in the absence and in the presence of increasing concentrations of imazethapyr (PURSUIT® herbicide). The Y axis represents the % of activity of the mutant enzyme, wherein the 100% value is measured in the absence of inhibitor.

[0015]FIG. 8 is a graphic illustration of the results of in vitro assays of the enzymatic activity of wild-type and mutant AHAS proteins in the absence and presence of increasing concentrations of sulfometuron methyl (OUST® herbicide). The Y axis represents the % of activity of the mutant enzyme, wherein the 100% value is measured in the absence of inhibitor.

[0016]FIG. 9 is a graphic illustration of in vitro assays of the enzymatic activity of wild-type Arabidopsis AHAS protein and the Met124Ile mutant Arabidopsis AHAS protein in the absence and presence of increasing concentrations of imazethapyr (PURSUIT® herbicide) and sulfometuron methyl (OUST® herbicide). The Y axis represents the % activity of the mutant enzyme, wherein the 100% value is measured in the absence of inhibitor.

[0017]FIG. 10 is a graphic illustration of in vitro assays of the enzymatic activity of wild-type Arabidopsis AHAS protein and the Met124His mutant Arabidopsis AHAS protein in the absence and presence of increasing concentrations of imazethapyr (PURSUIT® herbicide) and sulfometuron methyl (OUST® herbicide). The Y axis represents the % activity of the mutant enzyme, wherein the 100% value is measured in the absence of inhibitor.

[0018]FIG. 11 is a graphic illustration of in vitro assays of the enzymatic activity of wild-type Arabidopsis AHAS protein and Arg199Glu mutant Arabidopsis AHAS protein in the absence and presence of increasing concentrations of imazethapyr (PURSUIT® herbicide) and sulfometuron methyl (OUST® herbicide). The Y axis represents the % activity of the mutant enzyme, wherein the 100% value is measured in the absence of inhibitor.

[0019]FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of a DNA vector used for plant transformation, which contains the nptII gene (encoding kanamycin resistance) under the control of the 35S promoter and an AHAS gene (wild type or variant) under the control of the Arabidopsis AHAS promoter.

[0020]FIG. 13 is a photograph showing the root development of tobacco plants transformed with the Arabidopsis AHAS gene containing either the Met124Ile or Arg199Glu mutation and a non-transformed control. Plants were grown for 18 days after transfer into medium containing 0.25 μM imazethapyr.

[0021]FIG. 14 is a photograph showing tobacco plants transformed with the Arabidopsis AHAS gene containing either the Met124Ile, Met 124His, or Arg199Glu mutation and a non-transformed control, which had been sprayed with twice the field rate (100 g/ha) of imazethapyr.

[0022]FIG. 15 is a photograph showing the results of germination tests performed in the presence of the herbicide CL 299,263 (imazamox), which were performed on seeds harvested from primary tobacco plant transformants that had been transformed with the Arabidopsis AHAS gene containing either the Met124Ile, Met 124His, or Arg199Glu mutation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0023] The present invention provides a structure-based modelling method for the production of herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein. The method includes:

[0024] (a) aligning a target AHAS protein on pyruvate oxidase template or an AHAS modelling equivalent thereof to derive the three-dimensional structure of the target AHAS protein;

[0025] (b) modelling one or more herbicides into the three-dimensional structure to localize an herbicide binding pocket in the target AHAS protein;

[0026] (c) selecting as a target for a mutation, at least one amino acid position in the target AHAS protein, wherein the mutation alters the affinity of at least one herbicide for the binding pocket;

[0027] (d) mutating DNA encoding the target AHAS protein to produce a mutated DNA encoding a variant AHAS containing the mutation, such as, for example, at least one different amino acid, at the position; and

[0028] (e) expressing the mutated DNA in a first cell, under conditions in which the variant AHAS containing the mutation, such as, for example, the different amino acid(s), at the position is produced.

[0029] The method further may include:

[0030] (f) expressing DNA encoding wild-type AHAS protein parallel in a second cell;

[0031] (g) purifying the wild-type and the variant AHAS proteins from the cells;

[0032] (h) assaying the wild-type and the variant AHAS proteins for catalytic activity in conversion of pyruvate to acetolactate or in the condensation of pyruvate and 2-ketobutyrate to form acetohydroxybutyrate, in the absence and in the presence of the herbicide; and

[0033] (i) repeating steps (c)-(h), wherein the DNA encoding the AHAS variant of step (e) is used as the AHAS-encoding DNA in step (c) until a first herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein is identified having:

[0034] (i) in the absence of the at least one herbicide,

[0035] (a) catalytic activity alone sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed; or

[0036] (b) catalytic activity in combination with any herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein also expressed in the cell, which may be the same as or different than the first AHAS variant protein, sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed;

[0037] wherein the cell requires AHAS activity for viability; and

[0038] (ii) catalytic activity that is more resistant to the at least one herbicide than is wild-type AHAS.

[0039] An alternate structure-based modelling method for the production of herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein is also provided. This method includes:

[0040] (a) aligning a target AHAS protein on a first AHAS template derived from a polypeptide having the sequence of FIG. 1 or a functional equivalent thereof to derive the three-dimensional structure of the target AHAS protein;

[0041] (b) modelling one or more herbicides into the three-dimensional structure to localize an herbicide binding pocket in the target AHAS protein;

[0042] (c) selecting as a target for a mutation, at least one amino acid position in the target AHAS protein, wherein the mutation alters the affinity of at least one herbicide for the binding pocket;

[0043] (d) mutating DNA encoding the target AHAS protein to produce a mutated DNA encoding a variant AHAS containing the mutation at the position; and

[0044] (e) expressing the mutated DNA in a first cell, under conditions in which the variant AHAS containing the mutation at the position is produced.

[0045] This method can further include:

[0046] (f) expressing DNA encoding wild-type AHAS protein in parallel in a second cell;

[0047] (g) purifying the wild-type and the variant AHAS protein from the cells;

[0048] (h) assaying the wild-type and the variant AHAS protein for catalytic activity in conversion of pyruvate to acetolactate or in the condensation of pyruvate and 2-ketobutyrate to form acetohydroxybutyrate, in the absence and in the presence of the herbicide; and

[0049] (i) repeating steps (c)-(h), wherein the DNA encoding the AHAS variant of step (e) is used as the AHAS-encoding DNA in step (c) until a first herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein is identified having:

[0050] (i) in the absence of the at least one herbicide,

[0051] (a) catalytic activity alone sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed; or

[0052] (b) catalytic activity in combination with any herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein also expressed in the cell, which may be the same as or different than the first AHAS variant protein, sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed;

[0053] wherein the cell requires AHAS activity for viability; and

[0054] (ii) catalytic activity that is more resistant to the at least one herbicide than is wild-type AHAS.

[0055] In another alternate embodiment, the method includes:

[0056] (a) aligning a target AHAS protein on a first AHAS template having an identified herbicide binding pocket and having the sequence of FIG. 1 or a functional equivalent thereof to derive the three-dimensional structure of the target AHAS protein;

[0057] (b) selecting as a target for a mutation, at least one amino acid position in the target AHAS protein, wherein the mutation alters the affinity of at least one herbicide for the binding pocket;

[0058] (c) mutating DNA encoding the target AHAS protein to produce a mutated DNA encoding a variant AHAS containing the mutation at the position; and

[0059] (d) expressing the mutated DNA in a first cell, under conditions in which the variant AHAS containing the mutation at the position is produced.

[0060] This method can further include:

[0061] (e) expressing DNA encoding wild-type target AHAS protein in parallel in a second cell;

[0062] (f) purifying the wild-type and the variant AHAS protein from the cells;

[0063] (g) assaying the wild-type and the variant AHAS protein for catalytic activity in conversion of pyruvate to acetolactate or in the condensation of pyruvate and 2-ketobutyrate to form acetohydroxybutyrate, in the absence and in the presence of the herbicide; and

[0064] (h) repeating steps (b)-(g), wherein the DNA encoding the AHAS variant of step (d) is used as the AHAS-encoding DNA in step (b) until a first herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein is identified having:

[0065] (i) in the absence of the at least one herbicide,

[0066] (a) catalytic activity alone sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed; or

[0067] (b) catalytic activity in combination with any herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein also expressed in the cell, which may be the same as or different than the first AHAS variant protein, sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed;

[0068] wherein the cell requires AHAS activity for viability; and

[0069] (ii) catalytic activity that is more resistant to the at least one herbicide than is wild-type AHAS.

[0070] In preferred embodiments of the above methods, the catalytic activity in the absence of the herbicide is at least about 5% and most preferably is more than about 20% of the catalytic activity of the wild-type AHAS. Where the herbicide is an imidazolinone herbicide, the herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein preferably has:

[0071] (i) catalytic activity in the absence of the herbicide of more than about 20% of the catalytic activity of the wild-type AHAS;

[0072] (ii) catalytic activity that is relatively more resistant to the presence of imidazolinone herbicides compared to wild-type AHAS; and

[0073] (iii) catalytic activity that is relatively more sensitive to the presence of sulfonylurea herbicides compared to imidazolinone herbicides.

[0074] The present invention further provides isolated DNA encoding acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) variant proteins, the variant proteins comprising an AHAS protein modified by:

[0075] (i) substitution of at least one different amino acid residue at an amino acid residue of the sequence of FIG. 1 selected from the group consisting of P48, G49, S52, M53, E54, A84, A95, T96, S97, G98, P99, G100, A101, V125, R127, R128, M129, I130, G131, T132, D133, F135, Q136, D186, I187, T259, T260, L261, M262, G263, R276, M277, L278, G279, H281, G282, T283, V284, G300, V301, R302, F303, D304, R306, V307, T308, G309, K310, I311, E312, A313, F314, A315, S316, R317, A318, K319, I320, E329, I330, K332, N333, K334, Q335, T404, G413, V414, G415, Q416, H417, Q418, M419, W420, A421, A422, L434, S435, S436, A437, G438, L439, G440, A441, M442, G443, D467, G468, S469, L471, N473, L477, M479, Q495, H496, L497, G498, M499, V501, Q502, Q504, D505, R506, Y508, K509, A510, N511, R512, A513, H514, T515, S524, H572, Q573, E574, H575, V576, L577, P578, M579, I580, P581, G583, G584, functional equivalents of any of the foregoing, and any combination of any of the foregoing;

[0076] (ii) deletion of up to 5 amino acid residues preceding, or up to 5 amino acid residues following at least one amino acid residue of the sequence of FIG. 1 selected from the group consisting of P48, G49, S52, M53, E54, A84, A95, T96, S97, G98, P99, G100, A101, V125, R127, R128, M129, I130, G131, T132, D133, F135, Q136, D186, I187, T259, T260, L261, M262, G263, R276, M277, L278, G279, H281, G282, T283, V284, G300, V301, R302, F303, D304, R306, V307, T308, G309, K310, I311, E312, A313, F314, A315, S316, R317, A318, K319, I320, E329, I330, K332, N333, K334, Q335, T404, G413, V414, G415, Q416, H417, Q418, M419, W420, A421, A422, L434, S435, S436, A437, G438, L439, G440, A441, M442, G443, D467, G468, S469, L471, N473, L477, M479, Q495, H496, L497, G498, M499, V501, Q502, Q504, D505, R506, Y508, K509, A510, N511, R512, A513, H514, T515, S524, H572, Q573, E574, H575, V576, L577, P578, M579, I580, P581, G583, G584, functional equivalents of any of the foregoing, and any combination of any of the foregoing;

[0077] (iii) deletion of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between Q124 and H150 of the sequence of FIG. 1;

[0078] (iv) addition of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between Q124 and H150 of the sequence of FIG. 1;

[0079] (v) deletion of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between G300 and D324 of the sequence of FIG. 1;

[0080] (vi) addition of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between G300 and D324 of the sequence of FIG. 1; or

[0081] (vii) any combination of any of the foregoing.

[0082] In this numbering system, residue #2 corresponds to the putative amino terminus of the mature protein, i.e., after removal of a chloroplast targeting peptide.

[0083] The above modifications are directed to altering the ability of an herbicide, and preferably an imidazolinone-based herbicide, to inhibit the enzymatic activity of the protein. In a preferred embodiment, the isolated DNA encodes an herbicide-resistant variant of AHAS. Also provided are DNA vectors comprising DNA encoding these AHAS variants, variant AHAS proteins themselves, and cells, grown either in vivo or in cell culture, that express the AHAS variants or comprise these vectors.

[0084] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for conferring herbicide resistance on a cell or cells and particularly a plant cell or cells such as, for example, a seed. An AHAS gene, preferably the Arabidopsis thaliana AHAS gene, is mutated to alter the ability of an herbicide to inhibit the enzymatic activity of the AHAS. The mutant gene is cloned into a compatible expression vector, and the gene is transformed into an herbicide-sensitive cell under conditions in which it is expressed at sufficient levels to confer herbicide resistance on the cell.

[0085] Also contemplated are methods for weed control, wherein a crop containing an herbicide resistant AHAS gene according to the present invention is cultivated and treated with a weed-controlling effective amount of the herbicide.

[0086] Also disclosed is a structure-based modelling method for the preparation of a first herbicide which inhibits AHAS activity. The method comprises:

[0087] (a) aligning a target AHAS protein on pyruvate oxidase template or an AHAS modelling functional equivalent thereof to derive the three-dimensional structure of the target AHAS protein;

[0088] (b) modelling a second herbicide having AHAS inhibiting activity into the three-dimensional structure to derive the location, structure, or a combination thereof of an herbicide binding pocket in the target AHAS protein; and

[0089] (c) designing a non-peptidic first herbicide which will interact with, and preferably will bind to, an AHAS activity inhibiting effective portion of the binding pocket, wherein the first herbicide inhibits the AHAS activity sufficiently to destroy the viability of a cell which requires AHAS activity for viability.

[0090] An alternative structure-based modelling method for the production of a first herbicide which inhibits AHAS activity, is also enclosed. The method comprises:

[0091] (a) aligning a target AHAS protein on a first AHAS template derived from a polypeptide having the sequence of FIG. 1 or a functional equivalent thereof, to derive the three-dimensional structure of the target AHAS protein;

[0092] (b) modelling a second herbicide having AHAS inhibiting activity into the three-dimensional structure to derive the location, structure, or a combination thereof of an herbicide binding pocket in the target AHAS protein; and

[0093] (c) designing a non-peptidic first herbicide which will interact with, and preferably will bind to, an AHAS activity inhibiting effective portion of the binding pocket, wherein the first herbicide inhibits the AHAS activity sufficiently to destroy the viability of a cell which requires AHAS activity for viability.

[0094] Preferably in each method, the first herbicide contains at least one functional group that interacts with a functional group of the binding pocket.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0095] The present invention encompasses the rational design or structure-based molecular modelling of modified versions of the enzyme AHAS and AHAS inhibiting herbicides. These modified enzymes (AHAS variant proteins) are resistant to the action of herbicides. The present invention also encompasses DNAs that encode these variants, vectors that include these DNAs, the AHAS variant proteins, and cells that express these variants. Additionally provided are methods for producing herbicide resistance in plants by expressing these variants and methods of weed control. The DNA and the AHAS variants of the present invention were discovered in studies that were based on molecular modelling of the structure of AHAS.

[0096] Rational Structure-Based Design of AWAS Variants and AHAS Inhibiting Herbicides

[0097] Herbicide-resistant variants of AHAS according to the present invention are useful in conferring herbicide resistance in plants and can be designed with the POX model, AHAS model, or functional equivalents thereof, such as, for example, transketolases, carboligases, pyruvate decarboxylase, proteins that bind FAD and/or TPP as a cofactor, or any proteins which have structural features similar to POX and/or AHAS; with an AHAS model such as a model having the sequence of FIG. 1; or with a functional equivalent of the sequence of FIG. 1 including a variant modeled from a previous model. Proteins that can be used include any proteins having less than a root mean square deviation of less than 3.5 angstroms in their Cα carbons relative to any of the above-listed molecules. AHAS directed herbicides can be similarly modelled from these templates. A functional equivalent of an AHAS amino acid sequence is a sequence having substantial, i.e., 60-70%, homology, particularly in conserved regions such as, for example, a putative binding pocket. The degree of homology can be determined by simple alignment based on programs known in the art, such as, for example, GAP and PILEUP by GCG. Homology means identical amino acids or conservative substitutions. A functional equivalent of a particular amino acid residue in the AHAS protein of FIG. 1 is an amino acid residue of another AHAS protein which when aligned with the sequence of FIG. 1 by programs known in the art, such as, for example, GAP and PILEUP by GCG, is in the same position as the amino acid residue of FIG. 1.

[0098] Rational design steps typically include: (1) alignment of a target AHAS protein with a POX backbone or structure or an AHAS backbone or structure; (2) optionally, and if the AHAS backbone has an identified herbicide binding pocket, modelling one or more herbicides into the three-dimensional structure to localize an herbicide binding pocket in the target protein; (3) selection of a mutation based upon the model; (4) site-directed mutagenesis; and (5) expression and purification of the variants. Additional steps can include (6) assaying of enzymatic properties and (7) evaluation of suitable variants by comparison to the properties of the wild-type AHAS. Each step is discussed separately below..

[0099] 1. Molecular Modelling

[0100] Molecular modelling (and particularly protein homology modelling) techniques can provide an understanding of the structure and activity of a given protein. The structural model of a protein can be determined directly from experimental data such as x-ray crystallography, indirectly by homology modelling or the like, or combinations thereof (See White, et al., Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct., 23:349, 1994). Elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of AHAS provides a basis for the development of a rational scheme for mutation of particular amino acid residues within AHAS that confer herbicide resistance on the polypeptide.

[0101] Molecular modelling of the structure of Zea mays AHAS, using as a template the known X-ray crystal structure of related pyruvate oxidase (POX) from Lactobacillus plantarum, provides a three-dimensional model of AHAS structure that is useful for the design of herbicide-resistant AHAS variants or AHAS inhibiting herbicides. This modelling procedure takes advantage of the fact that AHAS and POX share a number of biochemical characteristics and may be derived from a common ancestral gene (Chang et al., J. Bacteriol. 170:3937, 1988).

[0102] Because of the high degree of cross-species homology in AHAS the modelled AHAS described herein or functional equivalents thereof can also be used as templates for AHAS variant protein design.

[0103] Derivation of one model using interactive molecular graphics and alignments is described in detail below. The three-dimensional AHAS structure that results from this procedure predicts the approximate spatial organization of the active site of the enzyme and of the binding site or pocket of inhibitors such as herbicides including, but not limited to, imidazolinone herbicides. The model is then refined and re-interpreted based on biochemical studies which are also described below.

[0104] Protein homology modelling requires the alignment of the primary sequence of the protein under study with a second protein whose crystal structure is known. Pyruvate oxidase (POX) was chosen for AHAS homology modelling because POX and AHAS share a number of biochemical characteristics. For example, both AHAS and POX share aspects of enzymatic reaction mechanisms, as well as cofactor and metal requirements. In both enzymes thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and a divalent cation are required for enzymatic activity. FAD mediates a redox reaction during catalysis in POX but presumably has only a structural function in AHAs, which is possibly a vestigial remnant from the evolution of AHAS from POX. Both enzymes utilize pyruvate as a substrate and form hydroxyethyl thiamine pyrophosphate as a stable reaction intermediate (Schloss, J. V. et al. In Biosynthesis of branched chain amino acids, Barak, Z. J. M., Chipman, D. M., Schloss, J. V. (eds) VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, 1990).

[0105] Additionally, AHAS activity is present in chimeric POX-AHAS proteins consisting of the N-terminal half of POX and the C-terminal half of AHAS, and there is a small degree of AHAS activity exhibited by POX itself. AHAs and POX also exhibit similar properties in solution (Risse, B. et al, Protein Sci. 1: 1699 and 1710, 1992; Singh, B. K., & Schmitt, G. K. (1989), FEBS Letters, 28: 113; Singh, B. K. et al. (1989) In: Prospects for Amino Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors in Crop Protection and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, (Lopping, L. G., et al., eds., BCPC Monograph p. 87). With increasing protein concentration, both POX and AHAS undergo stepwise transitions from monomers to dimers and tetramers. Increases in FAD concentration also induce higher orders of subunit assembly. The tetrameric form of both proteins is most stable to heat and chemical denaturation.

[0106] Furthermore, the crystal structure of POX from Lactobacillus planarum had been solved by Muller et al., Science 259:965, 1993. The present inventors found that based in part upon the degree of physical, biochemical, and genetic homology between AHAS and POX, the X-ray crystal structure of POX could be used as a structural starting point for homology modelling of the AHAS structure.

[0107] AHAS and L. plantarum POX sequences were not similar enough for a completely computerized alignment, however. Overall, only about 20% of the amino acids are identical, while about 50% of the residues are of similar class (i.e.. acidic, basic, aromatic, and the like). However, if the sequences are compared with respect to hydrophilic and hydrophobic residue classifications, over 500 of the 600 amino acids match. Secondary structure predictions for AHAS (Holley et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:152, 1989) revealed a strong similarity to the actual secondary structure of POX. For nearly 70% of the residues, the predicted AHAS secondary structure matches that of POX.

[0108] POX monomers consist of three domains, all having a central, parallel β-sheet with crossovers consisting of α-helices and long loops. (Muller et al., Science 259:965, 1993). The topology of the sheets differs between the domains, i.e. in the first and third domains, the strands are assembled to the β-sheet in the sequence 2-1-3-4-6-5, while in the β-sheet of the second domain, the sequence reads 3-2-1-4-5-6.

[0109] Computer generated alignments were based on secondary structure prediction and sequence homology. The conventional pair-wise sequence alignment method described by Needleman and Wunch, J. Mol. Biol, 48: 443, 1970, was used. Two sequences were aligned to maximize the alignment score. The alignment score (homology score) is the sum of the scores for all pairs of aligned residues, plus an optional penalty for the introduction of gaps into the alignment. The score for the alignment of a pair of residues is a tabulated integer value. The homology scoring system is based on observing the frequency of divergence between a given pair of residues. (M O Dayhoff, R M Schwartz & B C Orcutt “Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure” vol. 5 suppl. 3 pp. 345-362, 1978).

[0110] The alignments were further refined by repositioning gaps so as to conserve continuous regular secondary structures. Amino acid substitutions generated by evaluation of likely alignment schemes were compared by means of interactive molecular graphics. Alignments with the most conservative substitutions with respect to the particular functionality of the amino acids within a given site were chosen. The final alignment of both POX and AHAS is displayed in FIG. 2. Conserved clusters of residues were identified, in particular for the TPP binding site and for parts of the FAD binding site. The alignment revealed a high similarity between AHAS and POX for the first domain, for most parts of the second domain, and for about half of the third domain. Most of the regions that aligned poorly and may fold differently in POX and in AHAS were expected to be at the surface of the protein and were not involved in cofactor or inhibitor binding. The prediction of mutation sites is not substantially affected by small shifts in the alignment.

[0111] Most TPP binding residues are highly conserved between POX and AHAS (e.g. P48-G49-G50). In some cases, residues that were close to TPP differ between POX and AHAS but remain within a region that is highly conserved (for example, residues 90-110). On the other hand, the FAD binding site appeared to be less conserved. Although some FAD binding residues were strongly conserved (for example, D325-I326-D327-P328), others clearly differed between AHAS and POX (for example, residues in the loop from positions 278 to 285 are not homologous. A detailed analysis revealed that, at least for some of the less-conserved contact sites, the interactions were mediated by the polypeptide backbone rather than by the side chains. Hence, conservation was only required for the polypeptide fold and was not required for the amino acid sequence (for example, the backbone of residues 258-263 binds the ribitol chain of FAD). One half of the adenine and the isoalloxazine binding sites clearly differ.

[0112] After aligning the primary structure, a homology model was built by transposition of AHAS amino acid sequences to the POX template structure. Missing coordinates were built. stepwise using templates of amino acid residues to complete undefined side chains. Data bank searches and energy minimization of small parts of the molecule were used to complete the conformations of undefined loop regions. The cofactors TPP and FAD were modeled into their binding pockets. This model was then subjected to a complete, 5000 cycle energy minimization. All computer modelling was performed in an IRIS Indigo Elan R4000 Workstation from Silicon Graphics Co. Interactive molecular modelling and energy-minimization were performed using Quanta/CHARMm 4.0 from Molecular Simulations Inc. During this step, the conformation was stable, indicating that no strongly disfavored interactions, such as, for example, close van der Waals contacts, had occurred. The results are shown schematically in FIG. 3.

[0113] Characteristics of Predicted AHAS Structure

[0114] Inspection of the modelled AHAS structure described above revealed that most of the protein folds with a backbone that is energetically reasonable, with most hydrophilic side chains accessible to the solvent. The surface of the β-sheets are smooth and accommodate the cross-over regions that are attached to them.

[0115] A model for dimeric AHAS was generated by duplicating the coordinates of the energy minimized monomeric AHAS and superimposing the two copies on two POX subunits using pairs of Cα coordinates as defined in the alignment scheme. The polypeptide chain of AHAS folds into three similarly folded domains composed of a six-stranded parallel β-sheet core surrounded by long “loops” and α-helices. Two subunits are assembled such that the first domain of one subunit is in close proximity to the cofactor-binding domains 2 and 3 of the other subunit. A solvent-filled space remains between the subunits at this site. This pocket, which is defined by the confluence of the three domains, is the proposed entry site for the substrate. It is also proposed to be the binding site for herbicides.

[0116] The inner surface of the binding pocket is outlined by the cofactors. The thiazol of TPP is positioned at the bottom of the pocket. Domain 3 contributes to the inner surface of the pocket with a short α-helix that points its axis towards the pyrophosphate of TPP, compensating the phosphate charges with its dipolar moment. This critical helix, which starts with G498, a “turn” residue in close contact with TPP, and which ends at F507, contains three known mutation sites for sulfonylurea resistance: V500, W503, and F507 (See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,659; 5,141,870; and 5,378,824). In domain 1, the loop defined as P48-S52 (between β-strand 2 and α-helix 2) faces W503, a mutation in which confers resistance to imidazolinones. Residues Y47 to G50 are also in contact with TPP. This loop is adjacent to P184-Q189, another turn, which connects the last strand of the β-sheet of domain 1 with a β-strand that connects with domain 2. Within the pocket, near its entrance, is a long region of domain 1 that interacts with a complementary stretch of domain 2. Residues 125-129 and 133-137 of domain 1 and residues 304-313 of domain 2 are at the surface of the pocket. A turn consisting of T96-G100 is between loop 125-129 and TPP. A further stretch of domain 3 and two regions of domain 2 that line the binding pocket are at the opposite corner of the pocket. Residues 572, 575, 582, and 583 of domain 3 define the pocket surface on one side. The remaining part of the interior of the pocket's surface is defined by FAD and by a loop, L278-G282, that contacts the isoalloxazine ring of FAD.

[0117] The structural models of the AHAS protein can also be used for the rational design of herbicides or AHAS inhibitors.

[0118] 2. Modelling of Herbicides Into Binding Sites

[0119] Imazethapyr, the active imidazolinone in PURSUIT®, was positioned into its proposed binding site using interactive molecular graphics (FIG. 4) and the software described above (FIG. 4). K185 was chosen as an “anchor” to interact with the charge of the carboxyl group. The imidazolinone's NH—CO unit was placed to form hydrogen bonds to G50 and A51. This positioned the methyl substitute of imazethapyr close to V500 on the backbone of the small α-helix. The isopropyl group is possibly bound by hydrophobic residues of the amino acids in the region of residues 125-135 that contribute to the inner surface of the pocket. The pyridine ring is most probably “sandwiched” between A134 or F135, F507 and W503. W503 also interacts with the imidazolinone ring system.

[0120] In a similar fashion, the sulfonylurea herbicides were modelled into a site that partially overlapped the described imidazolinone binding site. Overlap of sulfonylurea and imidazolinone binding sites was consistent with competition binding experiments and with established mutant data, which show that the same mutation in maize, W503L, can confer resistance to both herbicides. In these models, most of the known mutation sites that confer sulfonylurea herbicide resistance, i.e. G50, A51, K185, V500, W503, F507, are in close contact to the bound herbicides. P126 and A51 are required for keeping the K185 side chain in place by generating a hydrophobic pore. S582, a site for specific imidazolinone resistance, is distant from the binding region and is located in the region where the homology is so poor that a change in the fold is expected. The FAD binding site apparently has low homology between AHAS and POX in this region; S582 is a residue that confers resistance in maize, and that S582 and its adjacent residues are in close contact to the active site pocket. It is proposed that FAD and the loop region encompassing residues 278 to 285 move slightly away from the third domain, (downward in FIG. 4) and that a loop that contains S582 folds into the space between the helix at positions 499 to 507 and the loop at positions 278 to 285. D305, another known resistance site, is close to FAD and modulates the interaction between domains 1 and 2. M280 may either be involved in positioning of the helix at positions 498 to 507 or directly in inhibitor binding. M280 and D305 could also be directly involved in inhibitor binding if domains 1 and 2 move slightly closer to each other.

[0121] 3. Selection of Mutations

[0122] Specific amino acid residues are pinpointed as sites for the introduction of mutations into the primary sequence of AHAS. These amino acids are selected based upon their position in that if that amino acid residue position is modified, there will be a resultant alteration (i.e. decline) in the affinity of an herbicide for the binding pocket. It is not necessary that the mutation position reside in the binding pocket as amino acid residues outside the pocket itself can alter the pocket charge or configuration. The selection of target sites for mutation is achieved using molecular models as described above. For example according to the model above, arginine at position 128 (designated R128 in FIG. 1 using the single-letter code for amino acids) is located near the entrance to the substrate- and herbicide-binding pocket and has a large degree of conformational freedom that may allow it to participate in transport of charged herbicides into the binding pocket. Therefore, this residue is substituted by alanine to remove both its charge and its long hydrophobic side chain. (The resulting mutation is designated R128A).

[0123] The mutations may comprise simple substitutions, which replace the wild-type sequence with any other amino acid. Alternatively, the mutations may comprise deletions or additions of one or more amino acids, preferably up to 5, at a given site. The added sequence may comprise an amino acid sequence known to exist in another protein, or may comprise a completely synthetic sequence. Furthermore, more than one mutation and/or more than one type of mutation may be introduced into a single polypeptide.

[0124] 4. Site-Directed Mutagenesis

[0125] The DNA encoding AHAS can be manipulated so as to introduce the desired mutations. Mutagenesis is carried out using methods that are standard in the art, as described in, for example, Higuchi, R., Recombinant PCR, In M. A. Innis, et al., eds, PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, pp. 177-183, 1990.

[0126] 5. Expression and Purification of Variants

[0127] The mutated or variant AHAS sequence is cloned into a DNA expression vector (see, e.g., Example 3) and is expressed in a suitable cell such as, for example, E. coli. Preferably, the DNA encoding AHAS is linked to a transcription regulatory element, and the variant AHAS is expressed as part of a fusion protein, for example, glutathione-S-transferase, to facilitate purification (see Example 3 below). The variant AHAS is then purified using affinity chromatography or any other suitable method known in the art. “Purification” of an AHAS polypeptide refers to the isolation of the AHAS polypeptide in a form that allows its enzymatic activity to be measured without interference by other components of the cell in which the polypeptide is expressed.

[0128] 6. Assaying of Enzymatic Properties

[0129] The purified variant AHAS may be assayed for one or more of the following three properties:

[0130] (a) specific or catalytic activity for conversion of pyruvate to acetolactate (expressed as units/mg pure AHAS, wherein a unit of activity is defined as 1 μmole acetolactate produced/hour), or for condensation of pyruvate and 2-ketobutyrate to form acetohydroxybutyrate (expressed as units/mg pure AHAS, wherein a unit of activity is defined as 1 μmole acetohydroxybutyrate produced/hr.;

[0131] (b) level of inhibition by herbicide, such as, for example, imidazolinone (expressed as IC₅₀, the concentration at which 50% of the activity of the enzyme is inhibited); and

[0132] (c) selectivity of resistance to the selected herbicide vs. other herbicides. The selectivity index is defined as the fold resistance of the mutant to imidazolinones relative to the wild-type enzyme, divided by the fold resistance of the same mutant to other herbicides also relative to the wild-type). Fold resistance to an herbicide relative to the wild-type enzyme is expressed as the IC₅₀ of variant, divided by the IC₅₀ of the wild type. The selectivity index (S.I.) is thus represented by the following equation: ${S.I.} = \frac{{IC}_{50}\quad {of}\quad {variant}\quad {for}\quad {{{herb}.A}/{IC}_{50}}\quad {of}\quad {wild}\quad {type}\quad {for}\quad {{herb}.A}}{{IC}_{50}\quad {of}\quad {variant}\quad {for}\quad {{{herb}.B}/{IC}_{50}}\quad {of}\quad {wild}\quad {type}\quad {for}\quad {{herb}.B}}$

[0133] Suitable assay systems for making these determinations include, but are not limited to, those described in detail in Example 4 below.

[0134] 7.a. Evaluation of Suitable Variants

[0135] The enzymatic properties of variant AHAS polypeptides are compared to the wild-type AHAS. Preferably, a given mutation results in an AHAS variant polypeptide that retains in vitro enzymatic activity towards pyruvate or pyruvate and 2-ketobutyrate, i.e., the conversion of pyruvate to acetolactate or in the condensation of pyruvate and 2-ketobutyrate to form acetohydroxybutyrate (and thus is expected to be biologically active in vivo), while exhibiting catalytic activity that is relatively more resistant to the selected herbicides() than is wild-type AHAS. Preferably, the variant AHAS exhibits:

[0136] (i) in the absence of the at least one herbicide,

[0137] (a) catalytic activity alone sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed; or

[0138] (b) catalytic activity in combination with any herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein also expressed in the cell, which may be the same as or different than the first AHAS variant protein, sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed;

[0139] wherein the cell requires AHAS activity for viability; and

[0140] (ii) catalytic activity that is more resistant to the at least one herbicide than is wild type AHAS;

[0141] and that is relatively more resistant to the herbicide(s) than is wild-type AHAS.

[0142] Therefore, any one specific AHAS variant protein need not have the total catalytic activity necessary to maintain the viability of the cell, but must have some catalytic activity in an amount, alone or in combination with the catalytic activity of additional copies of the same AHAS variant and/or the catalytic activity of other AHAS variant protein(s), sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell that requires AHAS activity for viability. For example, catalytic activity may be increased to minimum acceptable levels by introducing multiple copies of a variant encoding gene into the cell or by introducing the gene which further includes a relatively strong promoter to enhance the production of the variant.

[0143] More resistant means that the catalytic activity of the variant is diminished by the herbicide(s), if at all, to a lesser degree than wild-type AHAS catalytic activity is diminished by the herbicide(s). Preferred more resistant variant AHAS retains sufficient catalytic to maintain the viability of a cell, plant, or organism wherein at the same concentration of the same herbicide(s), wild-type AHAS would not retain sufficient catalytic activity to maintain the viability of the cell, plant, or organism.

[0144] Preferably the catalytic activity in the absence of herbicide(s) is at least about 5% and, most preferably, is more than about 20% of the catalytic activity of the wild-type AHAS in the absence of herbicide(s). Most preferred AHAS variants are more resistant to imidazolinone herbicides than to other herbicides such as sulfonylurea-based herbicides, though in some applications selectivity is neither needed nor preferred.

[0145] In the case of imidazolinone-resistant variant AHAS, it is preferred that the AHAS variant protein has

[0146] (i) catalytic activity in the absence of said herbicide of more than about 20% of the catalytic activity of said wild-type AHAS;

[0147] (ii) catalytic activity that is relatively more resistant to presence of imidazolinone herbicides compared to wild type AHAS; and

[0148] (iii) catalytic activity that is relatively more sensitive to the presence of sulfonylurea herbicides compared to imidazolinone herbicides. Most preferred herbicide-resistant AHAS variants exhibit a minimum specific activity of about 20 units/mg, minimal or no inhibition by imidazolinone, and a selectivity index ranging from about 1.3 to about 3000 relative to other herbicides.

[0149] Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that systematic and iterative application of this method to wild type or other target AHAS protein will result in the production of AHAS variants having the desired properties of high enzymatic activity as explained above and resistance to one or more classes of herbicides. For example, mutation of a wild-type AHAS sequence at a particular position to a given amino acid may result in a mutant that exhibits a high degree of herbicide resistance but a significant loss of enzymatic activity towards pyruvate or pyruvate and 2-ketobutyrate. In a second application of the above method, the starting or target AHAS polypeptide would then be this variant (in place of the wild-type AHAS). Rational design then involves substituting other amino acids at the originally mutated position and/or adding or deleting amino acids at selected points or ranges in the expectation of retaining herbicide resistance but also maintaining a higher level of enzymatic activity.

[0150] The structure-based rational design of herbicide resistant AHAS proteins offers many advantages over conventional approaches that rely on random mutagenesis and selection. For example, when substitution of a particular amino acid with another requires substitution of more than one nucleotide within the codon, the likelihood of this occurring randomly is so low as to be impractical. By contrast, even double or triple changes in nucleotide sequence within a codon can be easily implemented when suggested by a rational design approach. For example, one rationally designed mutation to confer selective imidazolinone resistance requires a change from arginine to glutamate. Arginine is encoded by CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG, while glutamate is encoded by GAA and GAG. Since none of the arginine codons begins with GA, this mutation would require a double substitution of adjacent nucleotides which would occur so rarely using random mutagenesis as to be unpredictable and unrepeatable with any certainty of success. Although mutation frequency can be increased during random mutagenesis, alterations in nucleotide sequence would have an equal probability of occurring throughout the AHAS gene, in the absence of prior site-direction of the mutations. This increases the chance of obtaining an irrelevant mutation that interferes with enzymatic activity. Similarly, it would be rare, using random mutagenesis, to find a multiple amino acid substitution, deletion, or substitution/deletion mutation that confers herbicide resistance while maintaining catalytic activity. Deletion mutations that confer herbicide resistance would also be unlikely using a random mutagenesis approach. Deletions would need to be limited to small regions and would have to occur in triplets so as to retain the AHAS reading frame in order to retain enzymatic activity.

[0151] However, with a rational structure-based approach, double amino acid substitution and/or deletion mutations are relatively easily achieved and precisely targeted. Furthermore, different mutagens used in random mutagenesis create specific types of mutations. For example, sodium azide creates point substitution mutations in plants, while radiation tends to create deletions. Accordingly, two mutagenesis protocols would have to be employed to obtain a multiple combination substitution/deletion.

[0152] Finally, the present structure-based method for rational design of herbicide-resistant AHAS variants allows for iterative improvement of herbicide resistance mutations, a step that is not facilitated by random mutagenesis. Identification of a mutation site for herbicide resistance by random mutagenesis may offer little, if any, predictive value for guiding further improvements in the characteristics of the mutant. The present structure-based approach, on the other hand, allows improvements to be implemented based on the position, environment, and function of the amino acid position in the structural model.

[0153] The iterative improvement method also allows the independent manipulation of three important properties of AHAS: level of resistance, selectivity of resistance, and catalytic efficiency. For example, compensatory mutations can be designed in a predictive manner. If a particular, mutation has a deleterious effect on the activity of an enzyme, a second compensatory mutation may be used to restore activity.. For example, a change in the net charge within a domain when a charged residue is introduced or lost due to a mutation can be compensated by introducing a second mutation. Prediction of the position and type of residue(s) to introduce, delete, or substitute at the second site in order to restore enzymatic activity requires a knowledge of structure-function relationships derived from a model such as that described herein.

[0154] 7.b. Design of Non-Peptide Herbicides or AHAS Inhibitors

[0155] A chemical entity that alters and may fit into the active site of the target-protein or bind in any position where it could inhibit activity may be designed by methods known in the art, such as, for example, computer design programs that assist in the design of compounds that specifically interact with a receptor site.

[0156] An example of such a program is LUDI (Biosym Technologies—San Diego, Calif.) (see also, Lam, et al., Science 263:380, 1994; Thompson, et al., J. Med. Chem., 37:3100, 1994).

[0157] The binding pocket and particularly the amino acid residues that have been identified as being involved as inhibitor binding can be used as anchor points for inhibitor design.

[0158] The design of site-specific herbicides is advantageous in the control of weed species that may spontaneously develop herbicide resistance in the field, particularly due to mutations in the AHAS gene.

[0159] Herbicide-Resistant ABAS Variants: DNA, Vectors, and Polypeptides

[0160] The present invention also encompasses isolated DNA molecules encoding variant herbicide-resistant AHAS polypeptides. Genes encoding AHAS polypeptides according to the present invention may be derived from any species and preferably a plant species, and mutations conferring herbicide resistance may be introduced at equivalent positions within any of these AHAS genes. The equivalence of a given codon position in different AHAS genes is a function of both the conservation of primary amino acid sequence and its protein and the retention of similar three-dimensional structure. For example, FIG. 5 illustrates the high degree of sequence homology between AHAS polypeptides derived from different plant species. These AHAS polypeptides exhibit at least about 60 to about 70% overall homology. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that in regions of the polypeptide having a highly conserved sequence, the polypeptide chain conformation will also be preserved. Thus, it is possible to use an AHAS-encoding sequence from one species for molecular modelling, to introduce mutations predictively into an AHAS gene from a second species for initial testing and iterative improvement, and finally, to introduce the optimized mutations into AHAS derived from yet a third plant species for expression in a transgenic plant.

[0161] In one series of embodiment, these AHAS DNAs encode variants of an AHAS polypeptide and preferably of the maize AHAS polypeptide of FIG. 1 in which the polypeptide is modified by substitution at or deletion preceding or following one or more of FIG. 1 amino acid residues P48, G49, S52, M53, E54, A84, A95, T96, S97, G98, P99, G100, A101, V125, R127, R128, M129, I130, G131, T132, D133, F135, Q136, D186, I187, T259, T260, L261, M262, G263, R276, M277, L278, G279, H281, G282, T283, V284, G300, V301, R302, F303, D304, R306, V307, T308, G309, K310, I311, E312, A313, F314, A315, S316, R317, A318, K319, I320, E329, I330, K332, N333, K334, Q335, T404, G413, V414, G415, Q416, H417, Q418, M419, W420, A421, A422, L434, S435, S436, A437, G438, L439, G440, A441, M442, G443, D467, G468, S469, L471, N473, L477, M479, Q495, H496, L497, G498, M499, V501, Q502, Q504, D505, R506, Y508, K509, A510, N511, R512, A513, H514, T515, S524, H572, Q573, E574, H575, V576, L577, P578, M579, I580, P581, G583, G584, functional equivalents of any of the foregoing; insertions or deletions between FIG. 1 Q124 and H150 or functional equivalents thereof; insertions or deletions between FIG. 1 G300 and D324 or functional equivalents thereof; and any combination of any of the foregoing thereof.

[0162] The mutations, whether introduced into the polypeptide of FIG. 1 or at equivalent positions in another plant AHAS gene, may comprise alterations in DNA sequence that result in a simple substitution of any one or more other amino acids or deletions of up to 5 amino acid residues proceedings or up to 5 amino acids residues following any of the residence listed above. Suitable amino acid substituents include, but are not limited to, naturally occurring amino acids.

[0163] Alternatively, the mutations may comprise alterations in DNA sequence such that one or more amino acids are added or deleted in frame at the above positions. Preferably, additions comprise about 3 to about 30 nucleotides, and deletions comprise about 3 to about 30 nucleotides. Furthermore, a single mutant polypeptide may contain more than one similar or different mutation.

[0164] The present invention encompasses DNA and corresponding RNA sequences, as well as sense and antisense sequences. Nucleic acid sequences encoding AHAS polypeptides may be flanked by natural AHAS regulatory sequences, or may be associated with heterologous sequences, including promoters, enhancers, response elements, signal sequences, polyadenylation sequences, introns, 5′- and 3′-noncoding regions, and the like. Furthermore, the nucleic acids can be modified to alter stability, solubility, binding affinity and specificity. For example, variant AHAS-encoding sequences can be selectively methylated. The nucleic acid sequences of the present invention may also be modified with a label capable of providing a detectable signal, either directly or indirectly. Exemplary labels include radioisotopes, fluorescent molecules, biotin, and the like.

[0165] The invention also provides vectors comprising nucleic acids encoding AHAS variants. A large number of vectors, including plasmid and fungal vectors, have been described for expression in a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts. Advantageously, vectors may also include a promotor operably linked to the AHAS encoding portion. The encoded AHAS may be expressed by using any suitable vectors and host cells, using methods disclosed or cited herein or otherwise known to those skilled in the relevant art. Examples of suitable vectors include without limitation pBIN-based vectors, pBluescript vectors, and pGEM vectors.

[0166] The present invention also encompasses both variant herbicide-resistant AHAS polypeptides or peptide fragments thereof. As explained above, the variant AHAS polypeptides may be derived from the maize polypeptide shown in FIG. 1 or from any plant or microbial AHAS polypeptide, preferably plant AHAS polypeptide. The polypeptides may be further modified by, for example, phosphorylation, sulfation, acylation, glycosylation, or other protein modifications. The polypeptides may be isolated from plants, or from heterologous organisms or cells (including, but not limited to, bacteria, yeast, insect, plant, and mammalian cells) into which the gene encoding a variant AHAS polypeptide has been introduced and expressed. Furthermore, AHAS polypeptides may be modified with a label capable of providing a detectable signal, either directly or indirectly, including radioisotopes, fluorescent compounds, and the like.

[0167] Chemical-resistant Plants and Plants Containing Variant ARAS Genes

[0168] The present invention encompasses transgenic cells, including, but not limited to seeds, organisms, and plants into which genes encoding herbicide-resistant AHAS variants have been introduced. Non-limiting examples of suitable recipient plants are listed in Table 1 below: TABLE 1 RECIPIENT PLANTS COMMON NAME FAMILY LATIN NAME Maize Gramineae Zea mays Maize, Dent Gramineae Zea mays dentiformis Maize, Flint Gramineae Zea mays vulgaris Maize, Pop Gramineae Zea mays microsperma Maize, Soft Gramineae Zea mays amylacea Maize, Sweet Gramineae Zea mays amyleasaccharata Maize, Sweet Gramineae Zea mays saccharate Maize, Waxy Gramineae Zea mays ceratina Wheat, Dinkel Pooideae Triticum spelta Wheat, Durum Pooideae Triticum durum Wheat, English Pooideae Triticum turgidum Wheat, Large Pooideae Triticum spelta Spelt Wheat, Polish Pooideae Triticum polonium Wheat, Poulard Pooideae Triticum turgidum Wheat, Pooideae Triticum monococcum Singlegrained Wheat, Small Pooideae Triticum monococcum Spelt Wheat, Soft Pooideae Triticum aestivum Rice Gramineae Oryza sativa Rice, American Gramineae Zizania aquatica Wild Rice, Australian Gramineae Oryza australiensis Rice, Indian Gramineae Zizania aquatica Rice, Red Gramineae Oryza glaberrima Rice, Tuscarora Gramineae Zizania aquatica Rice, West Gramineae Oryza glaberrima African Barley Pooideae Hordeum vulgare Barley, Abyssinian Pooideae Hordeum irregulare Intermediate, also Irregular Barley, Pooideae Hordeum spontaneum Ancestral Tworow Barley. Beardless Pooideae Hordeum trifurcatum Barley, Egyptian Pooideae Hordeum trifurcatum Barley, fourrowed Pooideae Hordeum vulgare polystichon Barley, sixrowed Pooideae Hordeum vulgare hexastichon Barley, Tworowed Pooideae Hordeum distichon Cotton, Abroma Dicotyledoneae Abroma augusta Cotton, American Malvaceae Gossypium hirsutum Upland Cotton, Asiatic Malvaceae Gossypium arboreum Tree, also Indian Tree Cotton, Brazilian, Malvaceae Gossypium barbadense also, Kidney, brasiliense and, Pernambuco Cotton, Levant Malvaceae Gossypium herbaceum Cotton, Long Silk, Malvaceae Gossypium barbadense also Long Staple, Sea Island Cotton, Mexican, Malvaceae Gossypium hirsutum also Short Staple Soybean, Soya Leguminosae Glycine max Sugar beet Chenopodiaceae Beta vulgaris altissima Sugar cane Woody-plant Arenga pinnata Tomato Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum Tomato, Cherry Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum cerasiforme Tomato, Common Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum commune Tomato, Currant Solanaceae Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium Tomato, Husk Solanaceae Physalis ixocarpa Tomato, Hyenas Solanaceae Solanum incanum Tomato, Pear Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum pyriforme Tomato, Tree Solanaceae Cyphomandra betacea Potato Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum Potato, Spanish, Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatas Sweet potato Rye, Common Pooideae Secale cereale Rye, Mountain Pooideae Secale montanum Pepper, Bell Solanaceae Capsicum annuum grossum Pepper, Bird, also Solanaceae Capsicum annuum Cayenne, Guinea minimum Pepper, Bonnet Solanaceae Capsicum sinense Pepper, Bullnose, Solanaceae Capsicum annuum grossum also Sweet Pepper, Cherry Solanaceae Capsicum annuum cerasiforme Pepper, Cluster, Solanaceae Capsicum annuum also Red Cluster fasciculatum Pepper, Cone Solanaceae Capsicum annuum conoides Pepper, Goat, Solanaceae Capsicum frutescens also Spur Pepper, Long Solanaceae Capsicum frutescens longum Pepper, Solanaceae Capsicum annuum Oranamental Red, abbreviatum also Wrinkled Pepper, Tabasco Solanaceae Capsicum annuum conoides Red Lettuce, Garden Compositae Lactuca sativa Lettuce, Asparagus, Compositae Lactuca sativa also Celery asparagina Lettuce, Blue Compositae Lactuca perennis Lettuce, Blue, Compositae Lactuca pulchella also Chicory Lettuce, Cabbage, Compositae Lactuca sativa capitata also Head Lettuce, Cos, Compositae Lactuca sativa longifolia also Longleaf, Romaine Lettuce, Crinkle, Compositae Lactuca sativa crispa also Curled, Cutting, Leaf Celery Umbelliferae Apium graveolens dulce Celery, Blanching, Umbelliferae Apium graveolens dulce also Garden Celery, Root, Umbelliferae Apium graveolens rapaceum also Turniprooted Eggplant, Garden Solanaceae Solanum melongena Sorghum Sorghum All crop species Alfalfa Leguminosae Medicago sativum Carrot Umbelliferae Daucus carota sativa Bean, Climbing Leguminosae Phaseolus vulgaris vulgaris Bean, Sprouts Leguminosae Phaseolus aureus Bean, Brazilian Leguminosae Canavalia ensiformis Broad Bean, Broad Leguminosae Vicia faba Bean, Common, Leguminosae Phaseolus vulgaris also French, White, Kidney Bean, Egyptian Leguminosae Dolichos lablab Bean, Long, also Leguminosae Vigna sesquipedalis Yardlong Bean, Winged Leguminosae Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Oat, also Common, Avena Sativa Side, Tree Oat, Black, also Avena Strigosa Bristle, Lopsided Oat, Bristle Avena Pea, also Garden, Leguminosae Pisum, sativum sativum Green, Shelling Pea, Blackeyed Leguminosae Vigna sinensis Pea, Edible Podded Leguminosae Pisum sativum axiphium Pea, Grey Leguminosae Pisum sativum speciosum Pea, Winged Leguminosae Tetragonolobus purpureus Pea, Wrinkled Leguminosae Pisum sativum medullare Sunflower Compositae Helianthus annuus Squash, Autumn, Dicotyledoneae Cucurbita maxima Winter Squash, Bush, Dicotyledoneae Cucurbita pepo also Summer melopepo Squash, Turban Dicotyledoneae Cucurbita maxima turbaniformis Cucumber Dicotyledoneae Cucumis sativus Cucumber, African, Momordica charantia also Bitter Cucumber, Squirting, Ecballium elaterium also Wild Cucumber, Wild Cucumis anguria Poplar, California Woody-Plant Populus trichocarpa Poplar, European Populus nigra Black Poplar, Gray Populus canescens Poplar, Lombardy Populus italica Poplar, Silverleaf, Populus alba also White Poplar, Western Populus trichocarpa Balsam Tobacco Solanaceae Nicotiana Arabidopsis Cruciferae Arabidopsis thaliana Thaliana Turfgrass Lolium Turfgrass Agrostis Other families of turfgrass Clover Leguminosae

[0169] Expression of the variant AHAS polypeptides in transgenic plants confers a high level of resistance to herbicides including, but not limited to, imidazolinone herbicides such as, for example, imazethapyr (PURSUIT®), allowing the use of these herbicides during cultivation of the transgenic plants.

[0170] Methods for the introduction of foreign genes into plants are known in the art. Non-limiting examples of such methods include Agrobacterium infection, particle bombardment, polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment of protoplasts, electroporation of protoplasts, microinjection, macroinjection, tiller injection, pollen tube pathway, dry seed imbibition, laser perforation, and electrophoresis. These methods are described in, for example, B. Jenes et al., and S. W. Ritchie et al. In Transgenic Plants, Vol. 1, Engineering and Utilization, ed. S. -D. Kung, R. Wu, Academic Press, Inc., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1993; and L. Mannonen et al., Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 14:287-310, 1994.

[0171] In a preferred embodiment, the DNA encoding a variant AHAS is cloned into a DNA vector containing an antibiotic resistance marker gene, and the recombinant AHAS DNA-containing plasmid is introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing a Ti plasmid. This “binary vector system” is described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4, 490,838, and in An et al., Plant Mol. Biol. Manual A3:1-19 (1988). The transformed Agrobacterium is then co-cultivated with leaf disks from the recipient plant to allow infection and transformation of plant cells. Transformed plant cells are then cultivated in regeneration medium, which promotes the formation of shoots, first in the presence of the appropriate antibiotic to select for transformed cells, then in the presence of herbicide. In plant cells successfully transformed with DNA encoding herbicide-resistant AHAS, shoot formation occurs even in the presence of levels of herbicide that inhibit shoot formation from non-transformed cells. After confirming the presence of variant AHAS DNA using, for example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, transformed plants are tested for their ability to withstand herbicide spraying and for their capabilities for seed germination and root initiation and proliferation in the presence of herbicide.

[0172] Other Applications

[0173] The methods and compositions of the present invention can be used in the structure-based rational design of herbicide-resistant AHAS variants, which can be incorporated into plants to confer selective herbicide resistance on the plants. Intermediate variants of AHAS (for example, variants that exhibit sub-optimal specific activity but high resistance and selectivity, or the converse) are useful as templates for the design of second-generation AHAS variants that retain adequate specific activity and high resistance and selectivity.

[0174] Herbicide resistant AHAS genes can be transformed into crop species in single or multiple copies to confer herbicide resistance. Genetic engineering of crop species with reduced sensitivity to herbicides can:

[0175] (1) Increase the spectrum and flexibility of application of specific effective and. environmentally benign herbicides such as imidazolinone herbicides;

[0176] (2) Enhance the commercial value of these herbicides;

[0177] (3) Reduce weed pressure in crop fields by effective use of herbicides on herbicide resistant crop species and a corresponding increase in harvest yields;

[0178] (4) Increase sales of seed for herbicide-resistant plants;

[0179] (5) Increase resistance to crop damage from carry-over of herbicides applied in a previous planting;

[0180] (6) Decrease susceptibility to changes in herbicide characteristics due to adverse climate conditions; and

[0181] (7) Increase tolerance to unevenly or mis-applied herbicides.

[0182] For example, transgenic AHAS variant protein containing plants can be cultivated. The crop can be treated with a weed controlling effective amount of the herbicide to which the AHAS variant transgenic plant is resistant, resulting in weed control in the crop without detrimentally affecting the cultivated crop.

[0183] The DNA vectors described above that encode herbicide-resistant AHAS variants can be further utilized so that expression of the AHAS variant provides a selectable marker for transformation of cells by the vector. The intended recipient cells may be in culture or in situ, and the AHAS variant genes may be used alone or in combination with other selectable markers. The only requirement is that the recipient cell is sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of the cognate herbicide. This embodiment takes advantage of the relative low cost and lack of toxicity of, for example, imidazolinone-based herbicides, and may be applied in any system that requires DNA-mediated transformation.

[0184] Exemplification with respect to Preferred Embodiments

[0185] The following examples are intended to illustrate the present invention without limitation.

EXAMPLE 1

[0186] Design of Herbicide-Resistant AHAS Variants

[0187] Residues located close to the proposed herbicide binding site of the model described in detail above were selected for mutagenesis in order to design an active AHAS polypeptide with decreased herbicide binding capacity. Each site at the surface of the pocket was considered in terms of potential interactions with other residues in the pocket, as well as with cofactors and herbicides. For example, addition of positively charged residue(s) is expected to interfere with the charge distribution within the binding site, resulting in a loss in affinity of binding of a negatively-charged herbicide.

[0188] Three residues were identified as most useful targets for mutagenesis:

[0189] (1) F135 was believed to interact with both the isoalloxazine ring of FAD and with the aromatic group of the herbicides. In accordance with the strategy of introducing more charged residues into the binding pocket, this residue was changed to arginine.

[0190] (2) M53 contacts helix 498-507. This helix contains known herbicide resistance mutation sites and is also implicated in TPP binding. Furthermore, substitution of glutamic acid at position 53 was believed to favor an interaction with K185, reducing the affinity of K185 for the carboxylate group of imazethapyr.

[0191] (3) R128 is located near the entrance to the pocket, where it was believed to be involved in the initial transport of charged herbicides into the binding pocket. This residue was changed to alanine to remove both its charge and its long hydrophobic side chain.

EXAMPLE 2

[0192] Site-Directed Nutacrenesis of HAI to Produce Herbicide-Resistant Variants

[0193] The Arabidopsis AHAS gene was inserted in-frame to the 3′ end of the coding region of the glutathione S-transferase gene in the pGEX-2T vector (Pharmacia). Construction of the vector in this manner maintained the six amino acid thrombin recognition sequence at the junction of the expressed glutathione-S-transferase (GST)/AHAS fusion protein. Thrombin digestion of the expressed fusion protein results in an AHAS protein with an N-terminal starting position at the end of the transit peptide at a putative transit peptide processing site, with a residual N-terminal glycine derived from the thrombin recognition site. The final amino terminus of the cleaved AHAS protein consists of Gly-Ser-Ser-Ile-Ser. Site-directed mutations were introduced into the AHAS gene in this vector.

[0194] Site-directed mutations were constructed according to the PCR method of Higuchi (Recombinant PCR. In M A Innis, et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 177-183, 1990). Two PCR products, each of which overlap the mutation site, were amplified. The primers in the overlap region contained the mutation. The overlapping PCR amplified fragments were combined, denatured, and allowed to re-anneal together, producing two possible heteroduplex products with recessed 3′-ends. The recessed 3′-ends were extended by Taq DNA polymerase to produce a fragment that was the sum of the two overlapping PCR products containing the desired mutation. A subsequent re-amplification of this fragment with only the two “outside” primers resulted in the enrichment of the full-length product. The product containing the mutation was then re-introduced into the Arabidopsis AHAS gene in the pGEX-2T vector.

EXAMPLE 3

[0195] E2Expression and Purification of AHAS Variants

[0196] A. Methods

[0197]E. Coli (DH5α) cells transformed with the pGEX-2T vector containing either the maize wild type AHAS gene (vector designation pAC751), the Arabidopsis Ser653Asn mutant, or the Arabidopsis Ile401Phe mutant were grown overnight in LB broth containing 50 μg/mL ampicillin. The overnight culture of E. coli was diluted 1:10 in 1 L LB, 50 μg/mL ampicillin, and 0.1% v/v antifoam A. The culture was incubated at 37° C. with shaking until the OD₆₀₀ reached approximately 0.8. Isopropylthiogalactose (IPTG) was added to a final concentration of 1 mM and the culture was incubated for 3 more hours.

[0198] Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 8,670×g for 10 minutes in a JA-10 rotor and resuspended in {fraction (1/100)} th of the original culture volume in MTPBS (16 mM Na₂HPO₄, 4 mM NaH₂PO₄, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.3). Triton X-100 and lysozyme were added to a final concentration of 1% v/v and 100 μg/mL, respectively. Cells were incubated at 30° C. for 15 minutes cooled to 4° C. on ice, and were lysed by sonication for 10 seconds at level 7 with a Branson Sonifier Cell Disrupter equipped with a microtip probe. The cell free extract was centrifuged at 35,000×g for 10 min. at 4° C. The supernatant was decanted and the centrifugation step was repeated.

[0199] Purification of expressed fusion proteins was performed as modified from Smith and Johnson (Gene 67:31-40, 1988). The supernatant was warmed to room temperature and was passed through a 2 mL column of glutathione-agarose beads (sulfur linkage, Sigma) equilibrated in MTPBS. The column was subsequently washed with MTPBS at room temperature until the A₂₈₀ of eluant matched that of MTPBS. The fusion protein was then eluted using a solution containing 5 mM reduced glutathione in 50 mM Tris HCL, pH 8.0. The eluted fusion protein was treated with approximately 30 NIH units of thrombin and dialyzed against 50 mM citrate pH 6.5 and 150 mM NaCl.

[0200] The fusion protein was digested overnight at room temperature. Digested samples were dialyzed against MTPBS and passed twice through a glutathione-agarose column equilibrated in MTPBS to remove the released glutathione transferase protein. The protein fraction that did not bind to the column was collected and was concentrated by ultrafiltration on a YM10 filter (Amicon). The concentrated sample was loaded onto a 1.5×95 cm Sephacryl S-100 gel filtration column equilibrated in gel filtration buffer (50 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.0). Two mL fractions were collected at a flow rate of 0.14 mL/min. Enzyme stability was tested by storage of the enzyme at 4° C. in gel filtration buffer with the addition of 0.02% sodium azide and in the presence or absence of 2 mM thiamine pyrophosphate and 100 μM flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

[0201] B. Results

[0202]E. coli transformed with the pAC751 plasmid containing the wide-type AHAS gene fused downstream and in-frame with the GST gene expressed a 91 kD protein when induced with IPTG. The 91 kD protein exhibited the predicted molecular mass of a GST/AHAS fusion protein (the sum of 26 kD and 65 kD, respectively). When the cell free extract of DH5α/pAC751 was passed through a glutathione-agarose affinity gel, washed, and eluted with free glutathione it yielded a preparation enriched in the 91 kD protein (FIG. 6, lane C). The six amino acid thrombin recognition site engineered in the junction of GST and AHAS was successfully cleaved by thrombin (FIG. 6, lane D). The cleaved fusion protein preparation consisted of the expected 26 kD GST protein and the 65 kD maize AHAS protein. Maize AHAS was purified to homogeneity by a second pass through the glutathione-agarose column to affinity subtract GST and subjected to a final Sephacryl S-100 gel filtration step to eliminated thrombin (FIG. 6, lane E). The 65 kD protein is recognized on western blots by a monoclonal antibody raised against a maize AHAS peptide.

[0203] Purified wild type maize AHAS was analyzed by electrospray mass spectrometry and was determined to have a molecular mass of 64,996 daltons (data not shown). The predicted mass, as calculated from the deduced amino acid sequence of the gene inserted into the pGEX-2T vector, is 65,058. The 0.096% discrepancy between the empirically determined and predicted mass was within tuning variability of the mass spectrometer. The close proximity of the two mass determinations suggests that there were no misincorporated nucleotides during construction of the expression vector, nor any post-translational modifications to the protein that would cause gross changes in molecular mass. Moreover, the lack of spurious peaks in the preparation of purified enzyme indicated that the sample was free of contamination.

EXAMPLE 4

[0204] Enzymatic Properties of AHAS Variants

[0205] The enzymatic properties of wild-type and variant AHAS produced in E. coli were measured by a modification of the method of Singh et al. (Anal. Biochem 171:173-179, 1988) as follows:

[0206] A reaction mixture containing 1+ AHAS assay buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.0, 100 mM pyruvate, 10 MM MgCl₂, 1 MM thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), and 50 μM flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) was obtained either by dilution of enzyme in 2+ assay buffer or by addition of concentrated enzyme to 1×AHAS assay buffer. All assays containing imazethapyr and associated controls contained a final concentration of 5% DMSO due to addition of imazethapyr to assay mixtures as a 50% DMSO solution. Assays were performed in a final volume of 250 μL at 37° C. in microtiter plates. After allowing the reaction to proceed for 60 minutes, acetolactate accumulation was measured calorimetrically as described by Singh et al., Anal. Biochem 171:173-179, 1988.

[0207] Maize AHAS expressed and purified from pAC751 as described in Example 3 above is active in the conversion of pyruvate to acetolactate. Full AHAS activity is dependent on the presence of the cofactors FAD and TPP in the assay medium. No activity was detected when only FAD was added to the assay medium. The activity of the purified enzyme with TPP only, or with no cofactors, was less than 1% of the activity detected in the presence of both TPP and FAD. Normally, AHAS present in crude plant extracts is very labile, particularly in the absence of substrate and cofactors. In contrast, the purified AHAS from the bacterial expression system showed no loss in catalytic activity when stored for one month at 4° C. in 50 mM HEPES pH 7.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.02% NaN₃ in the presence or absence of FAD and TPP. Furthermore, no degradation products were visible from these stored preparations when resolved in SDS-PAGE gels.

[0208] The specific activities of wild-type AHAS and the M124E, R199A, and F206R variants are shown in Table 2 below. As determined from the alignment in FIG. 5, the M124E mutation in Arabidopsis AHAS is the equivalent of the maize M53E mutation, the R199A mutation in Arabidopsis is the equivalent of the maize R128A mutation, and the F206R mutation in Arabidopsis is the equivalent of the maize F135R mutation. The mutations designed in the maize AHAS structural model were used to identify the equivalent amino acid in the dicot Arabidopsis AHAS gene and were incorporated and tested in the Arabidopsis ARAS gene. This translation and incorporation of rationally designed herbicide mutations into the dicot Arabidopsis AHAS gene can facilitate evaluation of herbicide resistance in plants of a dicot species. TABLE 2 SPECIFIC ACTIVITY % Catalytic Activity as Specific Activity Compared to Wild Type Wild-Type 99.8 100 Met124Glu 9.15 9.16 Arg199Ala 86.3 86.5 Phe206Arg 5.07 5.1

[0209] The R199A mutation maintains a high level of catalytic activity (Table 2) while exhibiting a significant level of resistance to imazethapyr (FIG. 7). Notably, this variant retains complete sensitivity to sulfonylureas (FIG. 8). Thus, this variant fulfills the criteria of high specific activity and selective herbicide resistance. By contrast, the M124E substitution resulted in almost complete resistance to imazethapyr (FIG. 7) but also exhibited severely reduced catalytic activity (Table 2). Relative to imidazolinone resistance, this variant exhibits greater sensitivity to sulfonylurea (FIG. 8), suggesting that this residue is a good candidate for creating a mutation that confers selective resistance. Substitution of an amino acid other than glutamic acid may help to maintain catalytic activity. The F206R substitution yielded similar results to those observed with M124E variant, but lacked selectivity in resistance.

EXAMPLE 5

[0210] Iterative Improvement of AHAS Herbicide-Resistant Variant Using a Rational Design Approach

[0211] Changing residue 124 in AHAS from Met to Glu as described in Example 4 above conferred imidazolinone resistance but also reduced enzymatic activity to 9.2% of the wild type value. The model of the maize AHAS structure described above suggested that Met53 (equivalent to the Arabidopsis Met124 residue) interacts with a series of hydrophobic residues on the face of an α-helix that is derived from a separate subunit but are in close proximity to Met53. Thus, the hydrophobic interaction between Met53 and the residues on the helix may stabilize both subunit/subunit association and the conformation of the active site. It was believed that the substitution of the hydrophobic Met residue with a charged glutamate residue most probably destabilizes the inter-subunit hydrophobic interaction and results in a loss of catalytic activity.

[0212] Based on this structure/function analysis, the activity of the original Arabidopsis Met124Glu (equivalent to maize Met53Glu) mutant enzyme was then iteratively improved by substituting a more hydrophobic amino acid (Ile) at this position. The hydrophobic nature of the Ile side chain resulted in restoration of activity to wild type levels (specific activity of 102, equivalent to 102% of the wild-type activity) , but the greater bulk of the Ile side chain was still able to maintain a significant level of imidazolinone resistance (FIG. 9).

[0213] By comparison, substitution of a histidine residue at this position resulting in an AHAS variant exhibiting a specific activity of 42.5, equivalent to 42.6% of the wild-type activity. This mutant, nonetheless, exhibited a high degree of resistance to PURSUIT® (FIG. 10).

EXAMPLE 6

[0214] Iterative Improvement of AHAS Herbicide-Resistant Variant Using a Rational Design Approach

[0215] Another example of iterative refinement using the methods of the present invention involves the Arg128Ala variant. The structural model of maize AHAS suggested that the Arg128 residue, which resides at the lip of the herbicide binding pocket, contributes to channeling charged substrates and herbicides into the herbicide binding pocket and into the active site. The Arg 128 residue is distant from the TPP moiety, which binds the initial pyruvate molecule in the reaction mechanism of AHAS, explaining why the substitution of Arabidopsis AHAS Arg199 (the equivalent to maize Arg128) to alanine had little effect on the catalytic activity of the enzyme. The structural model further indicated that a more radical change could be made at this position to raise the level of resistance while maintaining high levels of catalytic activity. On this basis, an iterative improvement of the mutation was made to substitute the positively charge arginine residue with a negatively charged glutamate residue. The enzyme thus mutated had improved levels of resistance to PURSUIT® while maintaining high levels of activity (specific activity of 114, equivalent to 114% of the wild-type activity) (FIG. 11).

EXAMPLE 7

[0216] Interchangeability of AHAS Derived From Different Species in Structure-Based Rational Design of Herbicide-Resistant AHAS Variants

[0217] A structural model of the three-dimensional structure of AHAS is built with a monocot AHAS sequence such as that derived from maize, as described above. To introduce mutations into AHAS derived from a dicot species such as Arabidopsis, the sequences of AHAS derived from the monocot and dicot species are aligned using the GAP and PILEUP programs (Genetics Computer Group, 575 Sequence Drive, Madison, Wis. 53711). Equivalent positions are determined from the computer-generated alignment. The mutations are then introduced into the dicot AHAS gene as described above. Following expression of the mutant AHAS protein in E. coli and assessment of its biochemical properties (i.e., specific activity and resistance to herbicides), the mutant gene is introduced into a dicot plant by plant transformation methods as described above.

EXAMPLE 8

[0218] Production of Herbicide-Resistant Plants by Transformation with Rationally Designed AHAS Genes

[0219] DNA Constructs:

[0220] Rationally designed AHAS variant genes contained within E. coli expression vectors were used as a source of DNA restriction fragments to replace the equivalent restriction fragment in a Arabidopsis AHAS gene. This gene is present in a 5.5 kb genomic DNA fragment which also contains the Arabidopsis AHAS promoter, the Arabidopsis AHAS termination sequence and 5′- and 3′-flanking DNA. After DNA sequencing through the mutation sites was performed to confirm the presence of the proper mutation, the entire 5.5 kb fragment from each plasmid was inserted into a pBIN based plant transformation vector (Mogen, Leiden, Netherlands). The plant transformation vector also contains the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) kanamycin resistance gene driven by the 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter. The final vector construct is displayed in FIG. 12. Vectors containing Arabidopsis AHAS genes with Met124Ile, Met124His, and Arg199Glu mutations (corresponding to Met53Ile, Met53His, and Arg128Glu mutations in the maize AHAS sequence as shown in FIG. 1) were labeled pJK002, pJK003, and pJk004, respectively.

[0221] Each of these vectors was transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 (R&D Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) using the transformation method described in An et al., Plant Mol. Biol. Manual A3:1-19 (1988).

[0222] Plant Transformation:

[0223] Leaf disc transformation of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38 was performed as described by Horsch et al. (Science, 227: 1229-1231, 1985) with slight modifications. Leaf discs were cut from plants grown under sterile conditions and co-cultivated upsidedown in Murashige Skoog media (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) for 2-3 days at 25° C. in darkness with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains containing plasmids pJK002, pJK003, or pJK004. The discs were blotted dry and transferred to regeneration Mutashige Skoog medium with B5 vitamins containing 1 mg/L benzyladenine and 0.1 mg/l 1-Napthyl Acetic Acid, 100 mg/L kanamycin, and 500 mg/L cefotaxime (all obtained from Sigma).

[0224] Initially, transformants were selected by kanamycin resistance conferred by the nptII gene present in the transformation vector. Shoots derived from the leaf discs were excised and placed on fresh Murashige Skoog hormone free media containing cefotaxime and kanamycin.

[0225] In Vivo Herbicide Resistance

[0226] Kanamycin-resistant tobacco shoots were transferred to medium containing a 0.25 μM imazethapyr. At this concentration of the imidazolinone herbicide, non-transformed tobacco shoots (containing endogenous wild-type AHAS) were not able to initiate root formation. By contrast, root initiation and growth were observed from tobacco shoots transformed with each of the mutant AHAS genes. Roots developed from shoots transformed with the Met124Ile and Arg199Glu mutant genes along with wild type are shown in FIG. 1. Furthermore, plants transformed with the Met124Ile or Arg199Glu mutant genes were resistant to spraying with twice the field rate (100 g/ha) of imazethapyr (FIG. 13). The patterns of root growth in transformed vs. non-transformed plants in the presence of herbicide, as well as the behavior after herbicide spraying suggest that expression of the rationally designed herbicide resistance genes confers herbicide resistance in vivo.

[0227] Detection of the Rationally Designed Genes in Herbicide Resistant Tobacco

[0228] Genomic DNA was isolated from the AHAS-transformed tobacco plants, and the presence of the Arabidopsis AHAS variant genes was verified by PCR analysis. Differences between the nucleotide sequences of the Arabidopsis AHAS gene and the two tobacco AHAS genes were exploited to design PCR primers that amplify only the Arabidopsis gene in a tobacco genomic DNA background. The rationally designed herbicide resistance genes were detected, as shown by amplification of a DNA fragment of the proper size, in a majority of the herbicide resistant plants. No PCR signal was seen from non-transformed tobacco plants.

[0229] Segregation of Transformed ARAS Genes:

[0230] To monitor segregation of rationally designed AHAS genes in transformed plants, germination tests were performed. Seeds were placed in hormone-free Murashige-Skoog medium containing up to 2.5 μM PURSUIT® and 100 μM kanamycin. The seedlings that resulted were visually scored for resistance or susceptibility to the herbicide.

[0231] Since tobacco plants are diploid, it would be expected that the progeny of self-pollinated plants should segregate 3:1 resistant:susceptible, reflecting the existence of 1 seedling homozygous for the resistant AHAS gene, 2 seedlings heterozygous for the resistant AHAS gene, and 1 seedling lacking a resistant AHAS gene.

[0232] The results indicate that resistant AHAS genes are segregating in the expected 3:1 ratio, supporting the conclusion that herbicide resistance is conferred by a single, dominant copy of a rationally designed AHAS gene.

[0233] These results indicate that rational design of herbicide-resistant AHAS genes can be used to produce plants that exhibit herbicide resistant growth in vivo.

EXAMPLE 9

[0234] Production of Plants Cross-Resistant to Different Herbicides by Transformation with Rationally Designed AHAS Genes

[0235] Tobacco plants transformed with rationally designed AHAS genes as described in Example 8 above were also tested for cross-resistance to another herbicide, CL 299,263 (also known as imazamox). Germination tests were performed on seeds harvested from the primary transformants containing the Met124Ile, Met124His, and Arg199Glu Arabidopsis AHAS variant genes, in the absence or presence of 2.5 μM CL 299,263 (FIG. 15). This concentration of the herbicide causes severe stunting and bleaching of wild-type tobacco plants. Tobacco plants transformed with the Met124His AHAS gene showed the greatest level of resistance (FIG. 15). Arg199Glu transformants showed an intermediate level of resistance, while Met124Ile showed little resistance (FIG. 15).

[0236] All patents, applications, articles, publications, and test methods mentioned above are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0237] Many variations of the present invention will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art in light of the above detailed description. Such obvious variations are within the full intended scope of the appended claims.

1 9 1 599 PRT Zea Mays 1 Gly Ser Ala Ala Ser Pro Ala Met Pro Met Ala Pro Pro Ala Thr Pro 1 5 10 15 Leu Arg Pro Trp Gly Pro Thr Asp Pro Arg Lys Gly Ala Asp Ile Leu 20 25 30 Val Glu Ser Leu Glu Arg Cys Gly Val Arg Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr Pro 35 40 45 Gly Gly Ala Ser Met Glu Ile His Gln Ala Leu Thr Arg Ser Pro Val 50 55 60 Ile Ala Asn His Leu Phe Arg His Glu Gln Gly Glu Ala Phe Ala Ala 65 70 75 80 Ser Gly Tyr Ala Arg Ser Ser Gly Arg Val Gly Val Cys Ile Ala Thr 85 90 95 Ser Gly Pro Gly Ala Thr Asn Leu Val Ser Ala Leu Ala Asp Ala Leu 100 105 110 Leu Asp Ser Val Pro Met Val Ala Ile Thr Gly Gln Val Pro Arg Arg 115 120 125 Met Ile Gly Thr Asp Ala Phe Gln Glu Thr Pro Ile Val Glu Val Thr 130 135 140 Arg Ser Ile Thr Lys His Asn Tyr Leu Val Leu Asp Val Asp Asp Ile 145 150 155 160 Pro Arg Val Val Gln Glu Ala Phe Phe Leu Ala Ser Ser Gly Arg Pro 165 170 175 Gly Pro Val Leu Val Asp Ile Pro Lys Asp Ile Gln Gln Gln Met Ala 180 185 190 Val Pro Val Trp Asp Lys Pro Met Ser Leu Pro Gly Tyr Ile Ala Arg 195 200 205 Leu Pro Lys Pro Pro Ala Thr Glu Leu Leu Glu Gln Val Leu Arg Leu 210 215 220 Val Gly Glu Ser Arg Arg Pro Val Leu Tyr Val Gly Gly Gly Cys Ala 225 230 235 240 Arg Ser Gly Glu Glu Leu Arg Arg Phe Val Glu Leu Thr Gly Ile Pro 245 250 255 Val Thr Thr Thr Leu Met Gly Leu Gly Asn Phe Pro Ser Asp Asp Pro 260 265 270 Leu Ser Leu Arg Met Leu Gly Met His Gly Thr Val Tyr Ala Asn Tyr 275 280 285 Ala Val Asp Lys Ala Asp Leu Leu Leu Ala Leu Gly Val Arg Phe Asp 290 295 300 Asp Arg Val Thr Gly Lys Ile Glu Ala Phe Ala Ser Arg Ala Lys Ile 305 310 315 320 Val His Val Asp Ile Asp Pro Ala Glu Ile Gly Lys Asn Lys Gln Pro 325 330 335 His Val Ser Ile Cys Ala Asp Val Lys Leu Ala Leu Gln Gly Met Asn 340 345 350 Ala Leu Leu Glu Gly Ser Thr Ser Lys Lys Ser Phe Asp Phe Gly Ser 355 360 365 Trp Asn Asp Glu Leu Asp Gln Gln Lys Arg Glu Phe Pro Leu Gly Tyr 370 375 380 Lys Tyr Ser Asn Glu Glu Ile Gln Pro Gln Tyr Ala Ile Gln Val Leu 385 390 395 400 Asp Glu Leu Thr Lys Gly Glu Ala Ile Ile Gly Thr Gly Val Gly Gln 405 410 415 His Gln Met Trp Ala Ala Gln Tyr Tyr Thr Tyr Lys Arg Pro Arg Gln 420 425 430 Trp Leu Ser Ser Ala Gly Leu Gly Ala Met Gly Phe Gly Leu Pro Ala 435 440 445 Ala Ala Gly Ala Ser Val Ala Asn Pro Gly Val Thr Val Val Asp Ile 450 455 460 Asp Gly Asp Gly Ser Phe Leu Met Asn Val Gln Glu Leu Ala Met Ile 465 470 475 480 Arg Ile Glu Asn Leu Pro Val Lys Val Phe Val Leu Asn Asn Gln His 485 490 495 Leu Gly Met Val Val Gln Trp Glu Asp Arg Phe Tyr Lys Ala Asn Arg 500 505 510 Ala His Thr Tyr Leu Gly Asn Pro Glu Asn Glu Ser Glu Ile Tyr Pro 515 520 525 Asp Phe Val Thr Ile Ala Lys Gly Phe Asn Ile Pro Ala Val Arg Val 530 535 540 Thr Lys Lys Asn Glu Val Arg Ala Ala Ile Lys Lys Met Leu Glu Thr 545 550 555 560 Pro Gly Pro Tyr Leu Leu Asp Ile Ile Val Pro His Gln Glu His Val 565 570 575 Leu Pro Met Ile Pro Ser Gly Gly Ala Phe Lys Asp Met Ile Leu Asp 580 585 590 Gly Asp Gly Arg Thr Val Tyr 595 2 585 PRT Lactobacillus planarum 2 Thr Asn Ile Leu Ala Gly Ala Ala Val Ile Lys Val Leu Glu Ala Trp 1 5 10 15 Gly Val Asp His Leu Tyr Gly Ile Pro Gly Gly Ser Ile Asn Ser Ile 20 25 30 Met Asp Ala Leu Ser Ala Glu Arg Asp Arg Ile His Tyr Ile Gln Val 35 40 45 Arg His Glu Glu Val Gly Ala Met Ala Ala Ala Ala Asp Ala Lys Leu 50 55 60 Thr Gly Lys Ile Gly Val Cys Phe Gly Ser Ala Gly Pro Gly Gly Thr 65 70 75 80 His Leu Met Asn Gly Leu Tyr Asp Ala Arg Glu Asp His Val Pro Val 85 90 95 Leu Ala Leu Ile Gly Gln Phe Gly Thr Thr Gly Met Asn Met Asp Thr 100 105 110 Phe Gln Glu Met Asn Glu Asn Pro Ile Tyr Ala Asp Val Ala Asp Tyr 115 120 125 Asn Val Thr Ala Val Asn Ala Ala Thr Leu Pro His Val Ile Asp Glu 130 135 140 Ala Ile Arg Arg Ala Tyr Ala His Gln Gly Val Ala Val Val Gln Ile 145 150 155 160 Pro Val Asp Leu Pro Trp Gln Gln Ile Ser Ala Glu Asp Trp Tyr Ala 165 170 175 Ser Ala Asn Asn Tyr Gln Thr Pro Leu Leu Pro Glu Pro Asp Val Gln 180 185 190 Ala Val Thr Arg Leu Thr Gln Thr Leu Leu Ala Ala Glu Arg Pro Leu 195 200 205 Ile Tyr Tyr Gly Ile Gly Ala Arg Lys Ala Gly Lys Glu Leu Glu Gln 210 215 220 Leu Ser Lys Thr Leu Lys Ile Pro Leu Met Ser Thr Tyr Pro Ala Lys 225 230 235 240 Gly Ile Val Ala Asp Arg Tyr Pro Ala Tyr Leu Gly Ser Ala Asn Arg 245 250 255 Val Ala Gln Lys Pro Ala Asn Glu Ala Leu Ala Gln Ala Asp Val Val 260 265 270 Leu Phe Val Gly Asn Asn Tyr Pro Phe Ala Glu Val Ser Lys Ala Phe 275 280 285 Lys Asn Thr Arg Tyr Phe Leu Gln Ile Asp Ile Asp Pro Ala Lys Leu 290 295 300 Gly Lys Arg His Lys Thr Asp Ile Ala Val Leu Ala Asp Ala Gln Lys 305 310 315 320 Thr Leu Ala Ala Ile Leu Ala Gln Val Ser Glu Arg Glu Ser Thr Pro 325 330 335 Trp Trp Gln Ala Asn Leu Ala Asn Val Lys Asn Trp Arg Ala Tyr Leu 340 345 350 Ala Ser Leu Glu Asp Lys Gln Glu Gly Pro Leu Gln Ala Tyr Gln Val 355 360 365 Leu Arg Ala Val Asn Lys Ile Ala Glu Pro Asp Ala Ile Tyr Ser Ile 370 375 380 Asp Val Gly Asp Ile Asn Leu Asn Ala Asn Arg His Leu Lys Leu Thr 385 390 395 400 Pro Ser Asn Arg His Ile Thr Ser Asn Leu Phe Ala Thr Met Gly Val 405 410 415 Gly Ile Pro Gly Ala Ile Ala Ala Lys Leu Asn Tyr Pro Glu Arg Gln 420 425 430 Val Phe Asn Leu Ala Gly Asp Gly Gly Ala Ser Met Thr Met Gln Asp 435 440 445 Leu Val Thr Gln Val Gln Tyr His Leu Pro Val Ile Asn Val Val Phe 450 455 460 Thr Asn Cys Gln Tyr Gly Phe Ile Lys Asp Glu Gln Glu Asp Thr Asn 465 470 475 480 Gln Asn Asp Phe Ile Gly Val Glu Phe Asn Asp Ile Asp Phe Ser Lys 485 490 495 Ile Ala Asp Gly Val His Met Gln Ala Phe Arg Val Asn Lys Ile Glu 500 505 510 Gln Leu Pro Asp Val Phe Glu Gln Ala Lys Ala Ile Ala Gln His Glu 515 520 525 Pro Val Leu Ile Asp Ala Val Ile Thr Gly Asp Arg Pro Leu Pro Ala 530 535 540 Glu Lys Leu Arg Leu Asp Ser Ala Met Ser Ser Ala Ala Asp Ile Glu 545 550 555 560 Ala Phe Lys Gln Arg Tyr Glu Ala Gln Asp Leu Gln Pro Leu Ser Thr 565 570 575 Tyr Leu Lys Gln Phe Gly Leu Asp Asp 580 585 3 638 PRT Zea Mays 3 Met Ala Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala Ser Thr Ala Leu Thr Gly Ala Thr Thr 1 5 10 15 Ala Ala Pro Lys Ala Arg Arg Arg Ala His Leu Leu Ala Thr Arg Arg 20 25 30 Ala Leu Ala Ala Pro Ile Arg Cys Ser Ala Ala Ser Pro Ala Met Pro 35 40 45 Met Ala Pro Pro Ala Thr Pro Leu Arg Pro Trp Gly Pro Thr Asp Pro 50 55 60 Arg Lys Gly Ala Asp Ile Leu Val Glu Ser Leu Glu Arg Cys Gly Val 65 70 75 80 Arg Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr Pro Gly Gly Ala Ser Met Glu Ile His Gln 85 90 95 Ala Leu Thr Arg Ser Pro Val Ile Ala Asn His Leu Phe Arg His Glu 100 105 110 Gln Gly Glu Ala Phe Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ala Arg Ser Ser Gly Arg 115 120 125 Val Gly Val Cys Ile Ala Thr Ser Gly Pro Gly Ala Thr Asn Leu Val 130 135 140 Ser Ala Leu Ala Asp Ala Leu Leu Asp Ser Val Pro Met Val Ala Ile 145 150 155 160 Thr Gly Gln Val Pro Arg Arg Met Ile Gly Thr Asp Ala Phe Gln Glu 165 170 175 Thr Pro Ile Val Glu Val Thr Arg Ser Ile Thr Lys His Asn Tyr Leu 180 185 190 Val Leu Asp Val Asp Asp Ile Pro Arg Val Val Gln Glu Ala Phe Phe 195 200 205 Leu Ala Ser Ser Gly Arg Pro Gly Pro Val Leu Val Asp Ile Pro Lys 210 215 220 Asp Ile Gln Gln Gln Met Ala Val Pro Val Trp Asp Lys Pro Met Ser 225 230 235 240 Leu Pro Gly Tyr Ile Ala Arg Leu Pro Lys Pro Pro Ala Thr Glu Leu 245 250 255 Leu Glu Gln Val Leu Arg Leu Val Gly Glu Ser Arg Arg Pro Val Leu 260 265 270 Tyr Val Gly Gly Gly Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Glu Glu Leu Arg Arg Phe 275 280 285 Val Glu Leu Thr Gly Ile Pro Val Thr Thr Thr Leu Met Gly Leu Gly 290 295 300 Asn Phe Pro Ser Asp Asp Pro Leu Ser Leu Arg Met Leu Gly Met His 305 310 315 320 Gly Thr Val Tyr Ala Asn Tyr Ala Val Asp Lys Ala Asp Leu Leu Leu 325 330 335 Ala Leu Gly Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Arg Val Thr Gly Lys Ile Glu Ala 340 345 350 Phe Ala Ser Arg Ala Lys Ile Val His Val Asp Ile Asp Pro Ala Glu 355 360 365 Ile Gly Lys Asn Lys Gln Pro His Val Ser Ile Cys Ala Asp Val Lys 370 375 380 Leu Ala Leu Gln Gly Met Asn Ala Leu Leu Glu Gly Ser Thr Ser Lys 385 390 395 400 Lys Ser Phe Asp Phe Gly Ser Trp Asn Asp Glu Leu Asp Gln Gln Lys 405 410 415 Arg Glu Phe Pro Leu Gly Tyr Lys Thr Ser Asn Glu Glu Ile Gln Pro 420 425 430 Gln Tyr Ala Ile Gln Val Leu Asp Glu Leu Thr Lys Gly Glu Ala Ile 435 440 445 Ile Gly Thr Gly Val Gly Gln His Gln Met Trp Ala Ala Gln Tyr Tyr 450 455 460 Thr Tyr Lys Arg Pro Arg Gln Trp Leu Ser Ser Ala Gly Leu Gly Ala 465 470 475 480 Met Gly Phe Gly Leu Pro Ala Ala Ala Gly Ala Ser Val Ala Asn Pro 485 490 495 Gly Val Thr Val Val Asp Ile Asp Gly Asp Gly Ser Phe Leu Met Asn 500 505 510 Val Gln Glu Leu Ala Met Ile Arg Ile Glu Asn Leu Pro Val Lys Val 515 520 525 Phe Val Leu Asn Asn Gln His Leu Gly Met Val Val Gln Trp Glu Asp 530 535 540 Arg Phe Tyr Lys Ala Asn Arg Ala His Thr Tyr Leu Gly Asn Pro Glu 545 550 555 560 Asn Glu Ser Glu Ile Tyr Pro Asp Phe Val Thr Ile Ala Lys Gly Phe 565 570 575 Asn Ile Pro Ala Val Arg Val Thr Lys Lys Asn Glu Val Arg Ala Ala 580 585 590 Ile Lys Lys Met Leu Glu Thr Pro Gly Pro Tyr Leu Leu Asp Ile Ile 595 600 605 Val Pro His Gln Glu His Val Leu Pro Met Ile Pro Ser Gly Gly Ala 610 615 620 Phe Lys Asp Met Ile Leu Asp Gly Asp Gly Arg Thr Val Tyr 625 630 635 4 638 PRT Zea Mays 4 Met Ala Thr Ala Ala Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala Leu Thr Gly Ala Thr Thr 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Pro Lys Ser Arg Arg Arg Ala His His Leu Ala Thr Arg Arg 20 25 30 Ala Leu Ala Ala Pro Ile Arg Cys Ser Ala Leu Ser Arg Ala Thr Pro 35 40 45 Thr Ala Pro Pro Ala Thr Pro Leu Arg Pro Trp Gly Pro Asn Glu Pro 50 55 60 Arg Lys Gly Ser Asp Ile Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Glu Arg Cys Gly Val 65 70 75 80 Arg Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr Pro Gly Gly Ala Ser Met Glu Ile His Gln 85 90 95 Ala Leu Thr Arg Ser Pro Val Ile Ala Asn His Leu Phe Arg His Glu 100 105 110 Gln Gly Glu Ala Phe Ala Ala Ser Ala Tyr Ala Arg Ser Ser Gly Arg 115 120 125 Val Gly Val Cys Ile Ala Thr Ser Gly Pro Gly Ala Thr Asn Leu Val 130 135 140 Ser Ala Leu Ala Asp Ala Leu Leu Asp Ser Val Pro Met Val Ala Ile 145 150 155 160 Thr Gly Gln Val Pro Arg Arg Met Ile Gly Thr Asp Ala Phe Gln Glu 165 170 175 Thr Pro Ile Val Glu Val Thr Arg Ser Ile Thr Lys His Asn Tyr Leu 180 185 190 Val Leu Asp Val Asp Asp Ile Pro Arg Val Val Gln Glu Ala Phe Phe 195 200 205 Leu Ala Ser Ser Gly Arg Pro Gly Pro Val Leu Val Asp Ile Pro Lys 210 215 220 Asp Ile Gln Gln Gln Met Ala Val Pro Ala Trp Asp Thr Pro Met Ser 225 230 235 240 Leu Pro Gly Tyr Ile Ala Arg Leu Pro Lys Pro Pro Ala Thr Glu Phe 245 250 255 Leu Glu Gln Val Leu Arg Leu Val Gly Glu Ser Arg Arg Pro Val Leu 260 265 270 Tyr Val Gly Gly Gly Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Glu Glu Leu Cys Arg Phe 275 280 285 Val Glu Leu Thr Gly Ile Pro Val Thr Thr Thr Leu Met Gly Leu Gly 290 295 300 Asn Phe Pro Ser Asp Asp Pro Leu Ser Leu Arg Met Leu Gly Met His 305 310 315 320 Gly Thr Val Tyr Ala Asn Tyr Ala Val Asp Lys Ala Asp Leu Leu Leu 325 330 335 Ala Phe Gly Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Arg Val Thr Gly Lys Ile Glu Ala 340 345 350 Phe Ala Gly Arg Ala Lys Ile Val His Ile Asp Ile Asp Pro Ala Glu 355 360 365 Ile Gly Lys Asn Lys Gln Pro His Val Ser Ile Cys Ala Asp Val Lys 370 375 380 Leu Ala Leu Gln Gly Met Asn Thr Leu Leu Glu Gly Ser Thr Ser Lys 385 390 395 400 Lys Ser Phe Asp Phe Gly Ser Trp His Asp Glu Leu Asp Gln Gln Lys 405 410 415 Arg Glu Phe Pro Leu Gly Tyr Lys Ile Phe Asn Glu Glu Ile Gln Pro 420 425 430 Gln Tyr Ala Ile Gln Val Leu Asp Glu Leu Thr Lys Gly Glu Ala Ile 435 440 445 Ile Ala Thr Gly Val Gly Gln His Gln Met Trp Ala Ala Gln Tyr Tyr 450 455 460 Thr Tyr Lys Arg Pro Arg Gln Trp Leu Ser Ser Ala Gly Leu Gly Ala 465 470 475 480 Met Gly Phe Gly Leu Pro Ala Ala Ala Gly Ala Ala Val Ala Asn Pro 485 490 495 Gly Val Thr Val Val Asp Ile Asp Gly Asp Gly Ser Phe Leu Met Asn 500 505 510 Ile Gln Glu Leu Ala Met Ile Arg Ile Glu Asn Leu Pro Val Lys Val 515 520 525 Phe Val Leu Asn Asn Gln His Leu Gly Met Val Val Gln Trp Glu Asp 530 535 540 Arg Phe Tyr Lys Ala Asn Arg Ala His Thr Phe Leu Gly Asn Pro Glu 545 550 555 560 Asn Glu Ser Glu Ile Tyr Pro Asp Phe Val Ala Ile Ala Lys Gly Phe 565 570 575 Asn Ile Pro Ala Val Arg Val Thr Lys Lys Ser Glu Val His Ala Ala 580 585 590 Ile Lys Lys Met Leu Glu Ala Pro Gly Pro Tyr Leu Leu Asp Ile Ile 595 600 605 Val Pro His Gln Glu His Val Leu Pro Met Ile Pro Ser Gly Gly Ala 610 615 620 Phe Lys Asp Met Ile Leu Asp Gly Asp Gly Arg Thr Val Tyr 625 630 635 5 667 PRT Tobacco 5 Met Ala Ala Ala Ala Pro Ser Pro Ser Ser Ser Ala Phe Ser Lys Thr 1 5 10 15 Leu Ser Pro Ser Ser Ser Thr Ser Ser Thr Leu Leu Pro Arg Ser Thr 20 25 30 Phe Pro Phe Pro His His Pro His Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Pro Leu His 35 40 45 Leu Thr His Thr His Ile His Ile His Ser Gln Arg Arg Arg Phe Thr 50 55 60 Ile Ser Asn Val Ile Ser Thr Asn Gln Lys Val Ser Gln Thr Glu Lys 65 70 75 80 Thr Glu Thr Phe Val Ser Arg Phe Ala Pro Asp Glu Pro Arg Lys Gly 85 90 95 Ser Asp Val Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Glu Arg Glu Gly Val Thr Asp Val 100 105 110 Phe Ala Tyr Pro Gly Gly Ala Ser Met Glu Ile His Gln Ala Leu Thr 115 120 125 Arg Ser Ser Ile Ile Arg Asn Val Leu Pro Arg His Glu Gln Gly Gly 130 135 140 Val Phe Ala Ala Glu Gly Tyr Ala Arg Ala Thr Gly Phe Pro Gly Val 145 150 155 160 Cys Ile Ala Thr Ser Gly Pro Gly Ala Thr Asn Leu Val Ser Gly Leu 165 170 175 Ala Asp Ala Leu Leu Asp Ser Val Pro Ile Val Ala Ile Thr Gly Gln 180 185 190 Val Pro Arg Arg Met Ile Gly Thr Asp Ala Phe Gln Glu Thr Pro Ile 195 200 205 Val Glu Val Thr Arg Ser Ile Thr Lys His Asn Tyr Leu Val Met Asp 210 215 220 Val Glu Asp Ile Pro Arg Val Val Arg Glu Ala Phe Phe Leu Ala Arg 225 230 235 240 Ser Gly Arg Pro Gly Pro Ile Leu Ile Asp Val Pro Lys Asp Ile Gln 245 250 255 Gln Gln Leu Val Ile Pro Asp Trp Asp Gln Pro Met Arg Leu Pro Gly 260 265 270 Tyr Met Ser Arg Leu Pro Lys Leu Pro Asn Glu Met Leu Leu Glu Gln 275 280 285 Ile Val Arg Leu Ile Ser Glu Ser Lys Lys Pro Val Leu Tyr Val Gly 290 295 300 Gly Gly Cys Ser Gln Ser Ser Glu Asp Leu Arg Arg Phe Val Glu Leu 305 310 315 320 Thr Gly Ile Pro Val Ala Ser Thr Leu Met Gly Leu Gly Ala Phe Pro 325 330 335 Thr Gly Asp Glu Leu Ser Leu Ser Met Leu Gly Met His Gly Thr Val 340 345 350 Tyr Ala Asn Tyr Ala Val Asp Ser Ser Asp Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly 355 360 365 Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Arg Val Thr Gly Lys Leu Glu Ala Phe Ala Ser 370 375 380 Arg Ala Lys Ile Val His Ile Asp Ile Asp Ser Ala Glu Ile Gly Lys 385 390 395 400 Asn Lys Gln Pro His Val Ser Ile Cys Ala Asp Ile Lys Leu Ala Leu 405 410 415 Gln Gly Leu Asn Ser Ile Leu Glu Ser Lys Glu Gly Lys Leu Lys Leu 420 425 430 Asp Phe Ser Ala Trp Arg Gln Glu Leu Thr Glu Gln Lys Val Lys His 435 440 445 Pro Leu Asn Phe Lys Thr Phe Gly Asp Ala Ile Pro Pro Gln Tyr Ala 450 455 460 Ile Gln Val Leu Asp Glu Leu Thr Asn Gly Asn Ala Ile Ile Ser Thr 465 470 475 480 Gly Val Gly Gln His Gln Met Trp Ala Ala Gln Tyr Tyr Lys Tyr Arg 485 490 495 Lys Pro Arg Gln Trp Leu Thr Ser Gly Gly Leu Gly Ala Met Gly Phe 500 505 510 Gly Leu Pro Ala Ala Ile Gly Ala Ala Val Gly Arg Pro Asp Glu Val 515 520 525 Val Val Asp Ile Asp Gly Asp Gly Ser Phe Ile Met Asn Val Gln Glu 530 535 540 Leu Ala Thr Ile Lys Val Glu Asn Leu Pro Val Lys Ile Met Leu Leu 545 550 555 560 Asn Asn Gln His Leu Gly Met Val Val Gln Trp Glu Asp Arg Phe Tyr 565 570 575 Lys Ala Asn Arg Ala His Thr Tyr Leu Gly Asn Pro Ser Asn Glu Ala 580 585 590 Glu Ile Phe Pro Asn Met Leu Lys Phe Ala Glu Ala Cys Gly Val Pro 595 600 605 Ala Ala Arg Val Thr His Arg Asp Asp Leu Arg Ala Ala Ile Gln Lys 610 615 620 Met Leu Asp Thr Pro Gly Pro Tyr Leu Leu Asp Val Ile Val Pro His 625 630 635 640 Gln Glu His Val Leu Pro Met Ile Pro Ser Gly Gly Ala Phe Lys Asp 645 650 655 Val Ile Thr Glu Gly Asp Gly Arg Ser Ser Tyr 660 665 6 664 PRT Tobacco 6 Met Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Pro Ser Pro Ser Phe Ser Lys Thr Leu 1 5 10 15 Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys Ser Ser Thr Leu Leu Pro Arg Ser Thr Phe 20 25 30 Pro Phe Pro His His Pro His Lys Thr Thr Pro Pro Pro Leu His Leu 35 40 45 Thr Pro Thr His Ile His Ser Gln Arg Arg Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Asn 50 55 60 Val Ile Ser Thr Thr Gln Lys Val Ser Glu Thr Gln Lys Ala Glu Thr 65 70 75 80 Phe Val Ser Arg Phe Ala Pro Asp Glu Pro Arg Lys Gly Ser Asp Val 85 90 95 Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Glu Arg Glu Gly Val Thr Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr 100 105 110 Pro Gly Gly Ala Ser Met Glu Ile His Gln Ala Leu Thr Arg Ser Ser 115 120 125 Ile Ile Arg Asn Val Leu Pro Arg His Glu Gln Gly Gly Val Phe Ala 130 135 140 Ala Glu Gly Tyr Ala Arg Ala Thr Gly Phe Pro Gly Val Cys Ile Ala 145 150 155 160 Thr Ser Gly Pro Gly Ala Thr Asn Leu Val Ser Gly Leu Ala Asp Ala 165 170 175 Leu Leu Asp Ser Val Pro Ile Val Ala Ile Thr Gly Gln Val Pro Arg 180 185 190 Arg Met Ile Gly Thr Asp Ala Phe Gln Glu Thr Pro Ile Val Glu Val 195 200 205 Thr Arg Ser Ile Thr Lys His Asn Tyr Leu Val Met Asp Val Glu Asp 210 215 220 Ile Pro Arg Val Val Arg Glu Ala Phe Phe Leu Ala Arg Ser Gly Arg 225 230 235 240 Pro Gly Pro Val Leu Ile Asp Val Pro Lys Asp Ile Gln Gln Gln Leu 245 250 255 Val Ile Pro Asp Trp Asp Gln Pro Met Arg Leu Pro Gly Tyr Met Ser 260 265 270 Arg Leu Pro Lys Leu Pro Asn Glu Met Leu Leu Glu Gln Ile Val Arg 275 280 285 Leu Ile Ser Glu Ser Lys Lys Pro Val Leu Tyr Val Gly Gly Gly Cys 290 295 300 Ser Gln Ser Ser Glu Glu Leu Arg Arg Phe Val Glu Leu Thr Gly Ile 305 310 315 320 Pro Val Ala Ser Thr Leu Met Gly Leu Gly Ala Phe Pro Thr Gly Asp 325 330 335 Glu Leu Ser Leu Ser Met Leu Gly Met His Gly Thr Val Tyr Ala Asn 340 345 350 Tyr Ala Val Asp Ser Ser Asp Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Val Arg Phe 355 360 365 Asp Asp Arg Val Thr Gly Lys Leu Glu Ala Phe Ala Ser Arg Ala Lys 370 375 380 Ile Val His Ile Asp Ile Asp Ser Ala Glu Ile Gly Lys Asn Lys Gln 385 390 395 400 Pro His Val Ser Ile Cys Ala Asp Ile Lys Leu Ala Leu Gln Gly Leu 405 410 415 Asn Ser Ile Leu Glu Ser Lys Glu Gly Lys Leu Lys Leu Asp Phe Ser 420 425 430 Ala Trp Arg Gln Glu Leu Thr Val Gln Lys Val Lys Tyr Pro Leu Asn 435 440 445 Phe Lys Thr Phe Gly Asp Ala Ile Pro Pro Gln Tyr Ala Ile Gln Val 450 455 460 Leu Asp Glu Leu Thr Asn Gly Ser Ala Ile Ile Ser Thr Gly Val Gly 465 470 475 480 Gln His Gln Met Trp Ala Ala Gln Tyr Tyr Lys Tyr Arg Lys Pro Arg 485 490 495 Gln Trp Leu Thr Ser Gly Gly Leu Gly Ala Met Gly Phe Gly Leu Pro 500 505 510 Ala Ala Ile Gly Ala Ala Val Gly Arg Pro Asp Glu Val Val Val Asp 515 520 525 Ile Asp Gly Asp Gly Ser Phe Ile Met Asn Val Gln Glu Leu Ala Thr 530 535 540 Ile Lys Val Glu Asn Leu Pro Val Lys Ile Met Leu Leu Asn Asn Gln 545 550 555 560 His Leu Gly Met Val Val Gln Trp Glu Asp Arg Phe Tyr Lys Ala Asn 565 570 575 Arg Ala His Thr Tyr Leu Gly Asn Pro Ser Asn Glu Ala Glu Ile Phe 580 585 590 Pro Asn Met Leu Lys Phe Ala Glu Ala Cys Gly Val Pro Ala Ala Arg 595 600 605 Val Thr His Arg Asp Asp Leu Arg Ala Ala Ile Gln Lys Met Leu Asp 610 615 620 Thr Pro Gly Pro Tyr Leu Leu Asp Val Ile Val Pro His Gln Glu His 625 630 635 640 Val Leu Pro Met Ile Pro Ser Gly Gly Ala Phe Lys Asp Val Ile Thr 645 650 655 Glu Gly Asp Gly Arg Ser Ser Tyr 660 7 671 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 7 Met Ala Ala Ala Thr Thr Thr Thr Thr Thr Ser Ser Ser Ile Ser Phe 1 5 10 15 Ser Thr Lys Pro Ser Pro Ser Ser Ser Lys Ser Pro Leu Pro Ile Ser 20 25 30 Arg Phe Ser Leu Pro Phe Ser Leu Asn Pro Asn Lys Ser Ser Ser Ser 35 40 45 Ser Arg Arg Arg Gly Ile Lys Ser Ser Ser Pro Ser Ser Ile Ser Ala 50 55 60 Val Leu Asn Thr Thr Thr Asn Val Thr Thr Thr Pro Ser Pro Thr Lys 65 70 75 80 Pro Thr Lys Pro Glu Thr Phe Ile Ser Arg Phe Ala Pro Asp Gln Pro 85 90 95 Arg Lys Gly Ala Asp Ile Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Glu Arg Gln Gly Val 100 105 110 Glu Thr Val Phe Ala Tyr Pro Gly Gly Ala Ser Met Glu Ile His Gln 115 120 125 Ala Leu Thr Arg Ser Ser Ser Ile Arg Asn Val Leu Pro Arg His Glu 130 135 140 Gln Gly Gly Val Phe Ala Ala Glu Gly Tyr Ala Arg Ser Ser Gly Lys 145 150 155 160 Pro Gly Ile Cys Ile Ala Thr Ser Gly Pro Gly Ala Thr Asn Leu Val 165 170 175 Ser Gly Leu Ala Asp Ala Leu Leu Asp Ser Val Pro Leu Val Ala Ile 180 185 190 Thr Gly Gln Val Pro Arg Arg Met Ile Gly Thr Asp Ala Phe Gln Glu 195 200 205 Thr Pro Ile Val Glu Val Thr Arg Ser Ile Thr Lys His Asn Tyr Leu 210 215 220 Val Met Asp Val Glu Asp Ile Pro Arg Ile Ile Glu Glu Ala Phe Phe 225 230 235 240 Leu Ala Thr Ser Gly Arg Pro Gly Pro Val Leu Val Asp Val Pro Lys 245 250 255 Asp Ile Gln Gln Gln Leu Ala Ile Pro Asn Trp Glu Gln Ala Met Arg 260 265 270 Leu Pro Gly Tyr Met Ser Arg Met Pro Lys Pro Pro Glu Asp Ser His 275 280 285 Leu Glu Gln Ile Val Arg Leu Ile Ser Glu Ser Lys Lys Pro Val Leu 290 295 300 Tyr Val Gly Gly Gly Cys Leu Asn Ser Ser Asp Glu Leu Gly Arg Phe 305 310 315 320 Val Glu Leu Thr Gly Ile Pro Val Ala Ser Thr Leu Met Gly Leu Gly 325 330 335 Ser Tyr Pro Cys Asp Asp Glu Leu Ser Leu His Met Leu Gly Met His 340 345 350 Gly Thr Val Tyr Ala Asn Tyr Ala Val Glu His Ser Asp Leu Leu Leu 355 360 365 Ala Phe Gly Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Arg Val Thr Gly Lys Leu Glu Ala 370 375 380 Phe Ala Ser Arg Ala Lys Ile Val His Ile Asp Ile Asp Ser Ala Glu 385 390 395 400 Ile Gly Lys Asn Lys Thr Pro His Val Ser Val Cys Gly Asp Val Lys 405 410 415 Leu Ala Leu Gln Gly Met Asn Lys Val Leu Glu Asn Arg Ala Glu Glu 420 425 430 Leu Lys Leu Asp Phe Gly Val Trp Arg Asn Glu Leu Asn Val Gln Lys 435 440 445 Gln Lys Phe Pro Leu Ser Phe Lys Thr Phe Gly Glu Ala Ile Pro Pro 450 455 460 Gln Tyr Ala Ile Lys Val Leu Asp Glu Leu Thr Asp Gly Lys Ala Ile 465 470 475 480 Ile Ser Thr Gly Val Gly Gln His Gln Met Trp Ala Ala Gln Phe Tyr 485 490 495 Asn Tyr Lys Lys Pro Arg Arg Gln Trp Leu Ser Ser Gly Gly Leu Gly 500 505 510 Ala Met Gly Phe Gly Leu Pro Ala Ala Ile Gly Ala Ser Val Ala Asn 515 520 525 Pro Asp Ala Ile Val Val Asp Ile Asp Gly Asp Gly Ser Phe Ile Met 530 535 540 Asn Val Gln Glu Leu Ala Thr Ile Arg Val Glu Asn Leu Pro Val Lys 545 550 555 560 Val Leu Leu Leu Asn Asn Gln His Leu Gly Met Val Met Gln Trp Glu 565 570 575 Asp Arg Phe Tyr Lys Ala Asn Arg Ala His Thr Phe Leu Gly Asp Pro 580 585 590 Ala Gln Glu Asp Glu Ile Phe Pro Asn Met Leu Leu Phe Ala Ala Ala 595 600 605 Cys Gly Ile Pro Ala Ala Arg Val Thr Lys Lys Ala Asp Leu Arg Glu 610 615 620 Ala Ile Gln Thr Met Leu Asp Thr Pro Gly Pro Tyr Leu Leu Asp Val 625 630 635 640 Ile Cys Pro His Gln Glu His Val Leu Pro Met Ile Pro Asn Gly Gly 645 650 655 Thr Phe Asn Asp Val Ile Thr Glu Gly Asp Gly Arg Ile Lys Tyr 660 665 670 8 652 PRT Brassica napus 8 Met Ala Ala Ala Thr Ser Ser Ser Pro Ile Ser Leu Thr Ala Lys Pro 1 5 10 15 Ser Ser Lys Ser Pro Leu Pro Ile Ser Arg Phe Ser Leu Pro Phe Ser 20 25 30 Leu Thr Pro Gln Lys Pro Ser Ser Arg Leu His Arg Pro Leu Ala Ile 35 40 45 Ser Ala Val Leu Asn Ser Pro Val Asn Val Ala Pro Glu Lys Thr Asp 50 55 60 Lys Ile Lys Thr Phe Ile Ser Arg Tyr Ala Pro Asp Glu Pro Arg Lys 65 70 75 80 Gly Ala Asp Ile Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Glu Arg Gln Gly Val Glu Thr 85 90 95 Val Phe Ala Tyr Pro Gly Gly Ala Ser Met Glu Ile His Gln Ala Leu 100 105 110 Thr Arg Ser Ser Thr Ile Arg Asn Val Leu Pro Arg His Glu Gln Gly 115 120 125 Gly Val Phe Ala Ala Glu Gly Tyr Ala Arg Ser Ser Gly Lys Pro Gly 130 135 140 Ile Cys Ile Ala Thr Ser Gly Pro Gly Ala Thr Asn Leu Val Ser Gly 145 150 155 160 Leu Ala Asp Ala Met Leu Asp Ser Val Pro Leu Val Ala Ile Thr Gly 165 170 175 Gln Val Pro Arg Arg Met Ile Gly Thr Asp Ala Phe Gln Glu Thr Pro 180 185 190 Ile Val Glu Val Thr Arg Ser Ile Thr Lys His Asn Tyr Leu Val Met 195 200 205 Asp Val Asp Asp Ile Pro Arg Ile Val Gln Glu Ala Phe Phe Leu Ala 210 215 220 Thr Ser Gly Arg Pro Gly Pro Val Leu Val Asp Val Pro Lys Asp Ile 225 230 235 240 Gln Gln Gln Leu Ala Ile Pro Asn Trp Asp Gln Pro Met Arg Leu Pro 245 250 255 Gly Tyr Met Ser Arg Leu Pro Gln Pro Pro Glu Val Ser Gln Leu Gly 260 265 270 Gln Ile Val Arg Leu Ile Ser Glu Ser Lys Arg Pro Val Leu Tyr Val 275 280 285 Gly Gly Gly Ser Leu Asn Ser Ser Glu Glu Leu Gly Arg Phe Val Glu 290 295 300 Leu Thr Gly Ile Pro Val Ala Ser Thr Leu Met Gly Leu Gly Ser Tyr 305 310 315 320 Pro Cys Asn Asp Glu Leu Ser Leu Gln Met Leu Gly Met His Gly Thr 325 330 335 Val Tyr Ala Asn Tyr Ala Val Glu His Ser Asp Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe 340 345 350 Gly Val Arg Phe Asp Asp Arg Val Thr Gly Lys Leu Glu Ala Phe Ala 355 360 365 Ser Arg Ala Lys Ile Val His Ile Asp Ile Asp Ser Ala Glu Ile Gly 370 375 380 Lys Asn Lys Thr Pro His Val Ser Val Cys Gly Asp Val Lys Leu Ala 385 390 395 400 Leu Gln Gly Met Asn Lys Val Leu Glu Asn Arg Ala Glu Glu Leu Lys 405 410 415 Leu Asp Phe Gly Val Trp Arg Ser Glu Leu Ser Glu Gln Lys Gln Lys 420 425 430 Phe Pro Leu Ser Phe Lys Thr Phe Gly Glu Ala Ile Pro Pro Gln Tyr 435 440 445 Ala Ile Gln Val Leu Asp Glu Leu Thr Gln Gly Lys Ala Ile Ile Ser 450 455 460 Thr Gly Val Gly Gln His Gln Met Trp Ala Ala Gln Phe Tyr Lys Tyr 465 470 475 480 Arg Lys Pro Arg Gln Trp Leu Ser Ser Ser Gly Leu Gly Ala Met Gly 485 490 495 Phe Gly Leu Pro Ala Ala Ile Gly Ala Ser Val Ala Asn Pro Asp Ala 500 505 510 Ile Val Val Asp Ile Asp Gly Asp Gly Ser Phe Ile Met Asn Val Gln 515 520 525 Glu Leu Ala Thr Ile Arg Val Glu Asn Leu Pro Val Lys Ile Leu Leu 530 535 540 Leu Asn Asn Gln His Leu Gly Met Val Met Gln Trp Glu Asp Arg Phe 545 550 555 560 Tyr Lys Ala Asn Arg Ala His Thr Tyr Leu Gly Asp Pro Ala Arg Glu 565 570 575 Asn Glu Ile Phe Pro Asn Met Leu Gln Phe Ala Gly Ala Cys Gly Ile 580 585 590 Pro Ala Ala Arg Val Thr Lys Lys Glu Glu Leu Arg Glu Ala Ile Gln 595 600 605 Thr Met Leu Asp Thr Pro Gly Pro Tyr Leu Leu Asp Val Ile Cys Pro 610 615 620 His Gln Glu His Val Leu Pro Met Ile Pro Ser Gly Gly Thr Phe Lys 625 630 635 640 Asp Val Ile Thr Glu Gly Asp Gly Arg Thr Lys Tyr 645 650 9 637 PRT Brassica napus 9 Met Ala Ser Phe Ser Phe Phe Gly Thr Ile Pro Ser Ser Pro Thr Lys 1 5 10 15 Ala Ser Val Phe Ser Leu Pro Val Ser Val Thr Thr Leu Pro Ser Phe 20 25 30 Pro Arg Arg Arg Ala Thr Arg Val Ser Val Ser Ala Asn Ser Lys Lys 35 40 45 Asp Gln Asp Arg Thr Ala Ser Arg Arg Glu Asn Pro Ser Thr Phe Ser 50 55 60 Ser Lys Tyr Ala Pro Asn Val Pro Arg Ser Gly Ala Asp Ile Leu Val 65 70 75 80 Glu Ala Leu Glu Arg Gln Gly Val Asp Val Val Phe Ala Tyr Pro Gly 85 90 95 Gly Ala Ser Met Glu Ile His Gln Ala Leu Thr Arg Ser Asn Thr Ile 100 105 110 Arg Asn Val Leu Pro Arg His Glu Gln Gly Gly Ile Phe Ala Ala Glu 115 120 125 Gly Tyr Ala Arg Ser Ser Gly Lys Pro Gly Ile Cys Ile Ala Thr Ser 130 135 140 Gly Pro Gly Ala Met Asn Leu Val Ser Gly Leu Ala Asp Ala Leu Phe 145 150 155 160 Asp Ser Val Pro Leu Ile Ala Ile Thr Gly Gln Val Pro Arg Arg Met 165 170 175 Ile Gly Thr Met Ala Phe Gln Glu Thr Pro Val Val Glu Val Thr Arg 180 185 190 Thr Ile Thr Lys His Asn Tyr Leu Val Met Glu Val Asp Asp Ile Pro 195 200 205 Arg Ile Val Arg Glu Ala Phe Phe Leu Ala Thr Ser Val Arg Pro Gly 210 215 220 Pro Val Leu Ile Asp Val Pro Lys Asp Val Gln Gln Gln Phe Ala Ile 225 230 235 240 Pro Asn Trp Glu Gln Pro Met Arg Leu Pro Leu Tyr Met Ser Thr Met 245 250 255 Pro Lys Pro Pro Lys Val Ser His Leu Glu Gln Ile Leu Arg Leu Val 260 265 270 Ser Glu Ser Lys Arg Pro Val Leu Tyr Val Gly Gly Gly Cys Leu Asn 275 280 285 Ser Ser Glu Glu Leu Arg Arg Phe Val Glu Leu Thr Gly Ile Pro Val 290 295 300 Ala Ser Thr Phe Met Gly Leu Gly Ser Tyr Pro Cys Asp Asp Glu Glu 305 310 315 320 Phe Ser Leu Gln Met Leu Gly Met His Gly Thr Val Tyr Ala Asn Tyr 325 330 335 Ala Val Glu Tyr Ser Asp Leu Leu Leu Ala Phe Gly Val Arg Phe Asp 340 345 350 Asp Arg Val Thr Gly Lys Leu Glu Ala Phe Ala Ser Arg Ala Lys Ile 355 360 365 Val His Ile Asp Ile Asp Ser Thr Glu Ile Gly Lys Asn Lys Thr Pro 370 375 380 His Val Ser Val Cys Cys Asp Val Gln Leu Ala Leu Gln Gly Met Asn 385 390 395 400 Glu Val Leu Glu Asn Arg Arg Asp Val Leu Asp Phe Gly Glu Trp Arg 405 410 415 Cys Glu Leu Asn Glu Gln Arg Leu Lys Phe Pro Leu Arg Tyr Lys Thr 420 425 430 Phe Gly Glu Glu Ile Pro Pro Gln Tyr Ala Ile Gln Leu Leu Asp Glu 435 440 445 Leu Thr Asp Gly Lys Ala Ile Ile Thr Thr Gly Val Gly Gln His Gln 450 455 460 Met Trp Ala Ala Gln Phe Tyr Arg Phe Lys Lys Pro Arg Gln Trp Leu 465 470 475 480 Ser Ser Gly Gly Leu Gly Ala Met Gly Phe Gly Leu Pro Ala Ala Met 485 490 495 Gly Ala Ala Ile Ala Asn Pro Gly Ala Val Val Val Asp Ile Asp Gly 500 505 510 Asp Gly Ser Phe Ile Met Asn Ile Gln Glu Leu Ala Thr Ile Arg Val 515 520 525 Glu Asn Leu Pro Val Lys Val Leu Leu Ile Asn Asn Gln His Leu Gly 530 535 540 Met Val Leu Gln Trp Glu Asp His Phe Tyr Ala Ala Asn Arg Ala Asp 545 550 555 560 Ser Phe Leu Gly Asp Pro Ala Asn Pro Glu Ala Val Phe Pro Asp Met 565 570 575 Leu Leu Phe Ala Ala Ser Cys Gly Ile Pro Ala Ala Arg Val Thr Arg 580 585 590 Arg Glu Asp Leu Arg Glu Ala Ile Gln Thr Met Leu Asp Thr Pro Gly 595 600 605 Pro Phe Leu Leu Asp Val Val Cys Pro His Gln Asp His Val Leu Pro 610 615 620 Leu Ile Pro Ser Gly Gly Thr Phe Lys Asp Ile Ile Val 625 630 635 

What is claimed is
 1. A structure-based modelling method for the production of an herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein, said method comprising: (a) aligning a target AHAS protein on pyruvate oxidase template or an AHAS modelling equivalent thereof to derive the three-dimensional structure of said target AHAS protein; (b) modelling one or more herbicides into said three-dimensional structure to localize an herbicide binding pocket in said target AHAS protein; (c) selecting as a target for a mutation an amino acid position in said target AHAS protein, wherein said mutation alters the affinity of at least one herbicide for said binding pocket; (d) mutating DNA encoding said target AHAS protein to produce a mutated DNA encoding a variant AHAS containing said mutation at said position; and (e) expressing said mutated DNA in a first cell, under conditions in which said variant AHAS containing said mutation at said position is produced.
 2. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 1, further comprising: (f) expressing DNA encoding wild-type AAAS in parallel in a second cell; (g) purifying said wild-type and said variant AHAS proteins from said cells; (h) assaying said wild-type and said variant AHAS proteins for catalytic activity in the conversion of pyruvate to acetolactate or in the condensation of pyruvate and 2-ketobutyrate to form acetohydroxybutyrate, in the absence and in the presence of said at least one herbicide; and (i) repeating steps (c)-(h), wherein said DNA encoding said variant of step (e) is used as the AHAS-encoding DNA in step (c) until a first herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein is identified having: (i) in the absence of said at least one herbicide, (a) a catalytic activity alone sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed; or (b) catalytic activity in combination with any herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein also expressed in said cell, which may be the same as or different than said first AHAS variant protein, sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed; wherein said cell requires AHAS activity for viability; and (ii) catalytic activity that is more resistant to at least one herbicide than is wild type AHAS.
 3. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 1, wherein said AHAS modelling equivalent is selected from the group consisting of transketolases, carboligases, and pyruvate decarboxylase.
 4. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 2, wherein said catalytic activity in the absence of said more than one herbicide is more than about 20% of the catalytic activity of said wild-type AHAS in the above of said at least one herbicide.
 5. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 4, wherein said herbicide is an imidazolinone herbicide and said first herbicide-resistant AHAS variant protein has: (i) catalytic activity in the absence of said herbicide of more than about 20% of the catalytic activity of said wild-type AHAS; (ii) catalytic activity that is relatively more resistant to the presence of imidazolinone herbicides compared to wild type AHAS; and (iii) catalytic activity that is relatively more sensitive to the presence of sulfonylurea herbicides compared to imidazolinone herbicides.
 6. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 1, wherein said herbicides are selected from the group consisting of imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, triazolopyrimidine sulfonamides, pyrimidyl-oxy-benzoic acids, sulfamoylureas sulfocarboxamides, and combinations thereof.
 7. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 1, wherein said target AHAS protein is derived from Arabidopsis thaliana.
 8. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 1, wherein said first cell is E. coli.
 9. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 2, wherein said first and second cells are E. coli.
 10. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 1, wherein said target AHAS protein comprises a protein having the sequence of FIG. 1 or a functional equivalent thereof.
 11. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 1, wherein said mutation is selected from the group consisting of (i) substitution of at least one different amino acid residue at an amino acid residue of the sequence of FIG. 1 selected from the group consisting of P48, G49, S52, M53, E54, A84, A95, T96, S97, G98, P99, G100, A101, V125, R127, R128, M129, 1130, G131, T132, D133, P135, Q136, D186, I187, T259, T260, L261, M262, G263, R276, M277, L278, G279, H281, G282, T283, V284, G300, V301, R302, F303, D304, R306, V307, T308, G309, K310, I311, E312, A313, F314, A315, S316, R317, A318, K319, I320, E329, I330, K332, N333, K334, Q335, T404, G413, V414, G415, Q416, H417, Q418, M419, W420, A421, A422, L434, S435, S436, A437, G438, L439, G440, A441, M442, G443, D467, G468, S469, L471, N473, L477, M479, Q495, H496, L497, G498, M499, V501, Q502, Q504, D505, R506, Y508, K509, A510, N511, R512, A513, H514, T515, S524, H572, Q573, E574, H575, V576, L577, P578, M579, I580, P581, G583, and G584, functional equivalents of any of the foregoing, and any combination of any of the foregoing (ii) deletion of up to 5 amino acid residues preceding, or up to 5 amino acid residues following at least one amino acid residue of the sequence of FIG. 1 selected from the group consisting of P48, G49, S52, M53, E54, A84, A95, T96, S97, G98, P99, G100 , A101, V125, R127, R128, M129, I130, G131, T132, D133, F135, Q136, D186, I187, T259, T260, L261, M262, G263, R276, M277, L278, G279, H281, G282, T283, V284, G300, V301, R302, F303, D304, R306, V307, T308, G309, K310, I311, E312, A313, F314, A315, S316, R317, A318, K319, I320, E329, I330, K332, N333, K334, Q335, T404, G413, V414, G415, Q416, H417, Q418, M419, W420, A421, A422, L434, S435, S436, A437, G438, L439, G440, A441, M442, G443, D467, G468, S469, L471, N473, L477, M479, Q495, H496, L497, G498, M499, V501, Q502, Q504, D505, R506, Y508, K509, A510, N511, R512, A513, H514, T515, S524, H572, Q573, E574, H575, V576, L577, P578, M579, I580, P581, G583, and G584, functional equivalents of any of the foregoing, and any combination of any of the foregoing; (iii) deletion of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between Q124 and H150 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (iv) addition of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between Q124 and H150 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (v) deletion of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between G300 and D324 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (vi) addition of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between G300 and D324 of the sequence of FIG. 1; or (vii) any combination of any of the foregoing.
 12. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 11, wherein said substitution is selected from the group consisting of Met53Trp, Met53Glu, Met53Ile, Met53His, Arg128Ala, Arg128Glu, Phe135Arg, Ile330Phe, a functional equivalent of any of the foregoing, or a combination of any of the foregoing.
 13. A structure-based modelling method for the production of herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein, said method comprising: (a) aligning a target AHAS protein on a first AHAS template derived from a polypeptide having the sequence of FIG. 1 or a functional equivalent thereof, to derive the three-dimensional structure of said target AHAS protein; (b) modelling one or more herbicides into said three-dimensional structure to localize an herbicide binding pocket in said target AAAS protein; (c) selecting as a target for a mutation, at least one amino acid position in said target AHAS protein, wherein said mutation alters the affinity of at least one herbicide for said binding pocket; (d) mutating DNA encoding said target AHAS protein to produce a mutated DNA encoding a variant AHAS containing the mutation at said position; and (e) expressing said mutated DNA in a first cell, under conditions in which said variant AHAS containing said mutation at said position is produced.
 14. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 13, further comprising: (f) expressing DNA encoding wild-type AHAS in parallel in a second cell; (g) purifying said wild-type and said variant AHAS proteins from said cells; (h) assaying said wild-type and said variant AHAS proteins for catalytic activity in conversion of pyruvate to acetolactate or in the condensation of pyruvate and 2-ketobutyrate to form acetohydroxybutyrate, in the absence and in the presence of said at least one herbicide; and (i) repeating steps (c)-(h), wherein said DNA encoding the variant of step (e) is used as the AHAS-encoding DNA in step (c) until a first herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein is identified having: (i) in the absence of said at least one herbicide, (a) a catalytic activity alone sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed; or (b) catalytic activity in combination with any herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein also expressed in said cell, which may be the same as or different than said first AHAS variant protein, sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed; wherein said cell requires AHAS activity for viability; and (ii) catalytic activity that is more resistant to at least one herbicide than is wild type AHAS.
 15. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 14, wherein said catalytic activity in the absence of said at least one herbicide is more than about 20% of the catalytic activity of said wild-type AHAS.
 16. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 15, wherein said herbicide is an imidazolinone herbicide and said first herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein has: (i) catalytic activity in the absence of said herbicide of more than about 20% of the catalytic activity of said wild-type AHAS; (ii) catalytic activity that is relatively more resistant to the presence of imidazolinone herbicides compared to wild type AHAS; and (iii) catalytic activity that is relatively more sensitive to the presence of sulfonylurea herbicides compared to imidazolinone herbicides.
 17. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 13, wherein said herbicide is selected from the group consisting of imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, triazolopyrimidine sulfonamides, pyrimidyl-oxy-benzoic acids, sulfamoylureas, sulfonylcarboxamides, and combinations thereof.
 18. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 13, wherein said target AHAS protein is derived from Arabidopsis thaliana.
 19. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 13, wherein said first cell is E. coli.
 20. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 19, wherein said first and second cells are E. coli.
 21. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 13, wherein said mutation is selected from the group consisting of (i) substitution of at least one different amino acid residue at an amino acid residue of the sequence of FIG. 1 selected from the group consisting of P48, G49, S52, M53, E54, A84, A95, T96, S97, G98, P99, G100, A101, V125, R127, R128, M129, I130, G131, T132, D133, F135, Q136, D186, I187, T259, T260, L261, M262, G263, R276, M277, L278, G279, H281, G282, T283, V284, G300, V301, R302, F303, D304, R306, V307, T308, G309, K310, I311, E312, A313, F314, A315, S316, R317, A318, K319, I320, E329, I330, K332, N333, K334, Q335, T404, G413, V414, G415, Q416, H417, Q418, M419, W420, A421, A422, L434, S435, S436, A437, G438, L439, G440, A441, M442, G443, D467, G468, S469, L471, N473, L477, M479, Q495, H496, L497, G498, M499, V501, Q502, Q504, D505, R506, Y508, K509, A510, N511, R512, A513, H514, T515, S524, H572, Q573, E574, H575, V576, L577, P578, M579, I580, P581, G583, G584, functional equivalents of any of the foregoing, and any combination of any of the foregoing; (ii) deletion of up to 5 amino acid residues preceding, or up to 5 amino acid residues following at least one amino acid residue of the sequence of FIG. 1 selected from the group consisting of P48, G49, S52, M53, E54, A84, A95, T96, S97, G98, P99, G100, A101, V125, R127, R128, M129, I130, G131, T132, D133, F135, Q136, D186, I187, T259, T260, L261, M262, G263, R276, M277, L278, G279, H281, G282, T283, V284, G300, V301, R302, F303, D304, R306, V307, T308, G309, K310, I311, E312, A313, F314, A315, S316, R317, A318, K319, I320, E329, I330, K332, N333, K334, Q335, T404, G413, V414, G415, Q416, H417, Q418, M419, W420, A421, A422, L434, S435, S436, A437, G438, L439, G440, A441, M442, G443, D467, G468, S469, L471, N473, L477, M479, Q495, H496, L497, G498, M499, V501, Q502, Q504, D505, R506, Y508, K509, A510, N511, R512, A513, H514, T515, S524, H572, Q573, E574, H575, V576, L577, P578, M579, I580, P581, G583, G584, functional equivalents of any of the foregoing, and any combination of any of the foregoing; (iii) deletion of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between Q124 and H150 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (iv) addition of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between Q124 and H150 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (v) deletion of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between G300 and D324 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (vi) addition of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between G300 and D324 of the sequence of FIG. 1; or (vii) any combination of any of the foregoing.
 22. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 21, wherein said substitution is selected from the group consisting of Met53Trp, Met53Glu, Met53Ile, Met53His, Arg128Ala, Arg128Glu, Phe135Arg, Ile330Phe, a functional equivalent of any of the foregoing, or a combination of any of the foregoing.
 23. A structure-based modelling method for the production of herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein, said method comprising: (a) aligning a target AHAS protein on a first AHAS template having an identified herbicide binding pocket and having the sequence of FIG. 1 or a functional equivalent thereof, to derive the three-dimensional structure of said target AHAS protein; (b) selecting as a target for a mutation, at least one amino acid position in said target AHAS protein, wherein said mutation alters the affinity of at least one herbicide for said binding pocket; (c) mutating DNA encoding said target AHAS protein to produce a mutated DNA encoding a variant AHAS containing said mutation at said position; and (d) expressing said mutated DNA in a first cell, under conditions in which said variant AHAS containing said mutation at said position is produced.
 24. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 23, further comprising: (e) expressing DNA encoding wild-type AHAS in parallel in a second cell; (f) purifying said wild-type and said variant AHAS proteins from said cells; (g) assaying said wild-type and said variant AHAS proteins for catalytic activity in conversion of pyruvate to acetolactate or in the condensation of pyruvate and 2-ketobutyrate to form acetohydroxybutyrate, in the absence and in the presence of said at least one herbicide; and (h) repeating steps (b)-(g), wherein said DNA encoding said AHAS of step (d) is used as the AHAS-encoding DNA in step (b) until a first herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein is identified having: (i) in the absence of said at least one herbicide, (a) a catalytic activity alone sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed; or (b) catalytic activity in combination with any herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein also expressed in said cell, which may be the same as or different than said first AHAS variant protein, sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed; wherein said cell requires AHAS activity for viability; and (ii) catalytic activity that is more resistant to at least one herbicide than is wild type AHAS.
 25. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 24, wherein said catalytic activity in the absence of said at least one herbicide is more than about 20% of the catalytic activity of said wild-type AHAS.
 26. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 25, wherein said herbicide is an imidazolinone herbicide and a first herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein has: (i) catalytic activity in the absence of said herbicide of more than about 20% of the catalytic activity of said wild-type AHAS; (ii) catalytic activity that is relatively more resistant to the presence of imidazolinone herbicides compared to wild type AHAS; and (iii) catalytic activity that is relatively more sensitive to the presence of sulfonylurea herbicides compared to imidazolinone herbicides.
 27. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 23, wherein said herbicide is selected from the group consisting of imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, triazolopyrimidine sulfonamides, pyrimidyl-oxy-benzoic acids, sulfamoylureas, sulfonylcarboxamides, and combinations thereof.
 28. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 23, wherein said target AHAS protein is derived from Arabidopsis thaliana.
 29. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 23, wherein said cell is E. coli.
 30. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 24, wherein said first and second cells are E. coli.
 31. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 23, wherein said mutation is selected from the group consisting of (i) substitution of at least one different amino acid residue at an amino acid residue of the sequence of FIG. 1 selected from the group consisting of P48, G49, S52, M53, E54, A84, A95, T96, S97, G98, P99, G100, A101, V125, R127, R128, M129, I130, G131, T132, D133, F135, Q136, D186, I187, T259, T260, L261, M262, G263, R276, M277, L278, G279, H281, G282, T283, V284, G300, V301, R302, F303, D304, R306, V307, T308, G309, K310, I311, E312, A313, F314, A315, S316, R317, A318, K319, I320, E329, I330, K332, N333, K334, Q335, T404, G413, V414, G415, Q416, H417, Q418, M419, W420, A421, A422, L434, S435, S436, A437, G438, L439, G440, A441, M442, G443, D467, G468, S469, L471, N473, L477, M479, Q495, H496, L497, G498, M499, V501, Q502, Q504, D505, R506, Y508, K509, A510, N511, R512, A513, H514, T515, S524, H572, Q573, E574, H575, V576, L577, P578, M579, I580, P581, G583, G584, functional equivalents of any of the foregoing, and any combination of any of the foregoing; (ii) deletion of up to 5 amino acid residues preceding, or up to 5 amino acid residues following at least one amino acid residue of the sequence of FIG. 1 selected from the group consisting of P48, G49, S52, M53, E54, A84, A95, T96, S97, G98, P99, G100, A101, V125, R127, R128, M129, I130, G131, T132, D133, F135, Q136, D186, I187, T259, T260, L261, M262, G263, R276, M277, L278, G279, H281, G282, T283, V284, G300, V301, R302, F303, D304, R306, V307, T308, G309, K310, I311, E312, A313, F314, A315, S316, R317, A318, K319, I320, E329, I330, K332, N333, K334, Q335, T404, G413, V414, G415, Q416, H417, Q418, M419, W420, A421, A422, L434, S435, S436, A437, G438, L439, G440, A441, M442, G443, D467, G468, S469, L471, N473, L477, M479, Q495, H496, L497, G498, M499, V501, Q502, Q504, D505, R506, Y508, K509, A510, N511, R512, A513, H514, T515, S524, H572, Q573, E574, H575, V576, L577, P578, M579, I580, P581, G583, G584, functional equivalents of any of the foregoing, and any combination of any of the foregoing; (iii) deletion of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between Q124 and H150 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (iv) addition of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between Q124 and H150 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (v) deletion of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between G300 and D324 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (vi) addition of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between G300 and D324 of the sequence of FIG. 1; or (vii) any combination of any of the foregoing.
 32. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 31, wherein said substitution is selected from the group consisting of Met53Trp, Met53Glu, Met53Ile, Met53His, Arg128Ala, Arg128Glu, Phe135Arg, Ile330Phe, a functional equivalent of any of the foregoing, or a combination of any of the foregoing.
 33. An isolated DNA encoding an acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) variant protein, said variant protein comprising an AHAS protein modified by (i) substitution of at least one different amino acid residue at an amino acid residue of the sequence of FIG. 1 selected from the group consisting of P48, G49, S52, M53, E54, A84, A95, T96, S97, G98, P99, G100, A101, V125, R127, R128, M129, I130, G131, T132, D133, F135, Q136, D186, I187, T259, T260, L261, M262, G263, R276, M277, L278, G279, H281, G282, T283, V284, G300, V301, R302, F303, D304, R306, V307, T308, G309, K310, I311, E312, A313, F314, A315, S316, R317, A318, K319, I320, E329, I330, K332, N333, K334, Q335, T404, G413, V414, G415, Q416, H417, Q418, M419, W420, A421, A422, L434, S435, S436, A437, G438, L439, G440, A441, M442, G443, D467, G468, S469, L471, N473, L477, M479, Q495, H496, L497, G498, M499, V501, Q502, Q504, D505, R506, Y508, K509, A510, N511, R512, A513, H514, T515, S524, H572, Q573, E574, H575, V576, L577, P578, M579, I580, P581, G583, G584, functional equivalents of any of the foregoing, and any combination of any of the foregoing; (ii) deletion of up to 5 amino acid residues preceding, or up to 5 amino acid residues following at least one amino acid residue of the sequence of FIG. 1 selected from the group consisting of P48, G49, S52, M53, E54, A84, A95, T96, S97, G98, P99, G100, A101, V125, R127, R128, M129, I130, G131, T132, D133, F135, Q136, D186, I187, T259, T260, L261, M262, G263, R276, M277, L278, G279, H281, G282, T283, V284, G300, V301, R302, F303, D304, R306, V307, T308, G309, K310, I311, E312, A313, F314, A315, S316, R317, A318, K319, I320, E329, I330, K332, N333, K334, Q335, T404, G413, V414, G415, Q416, H417, Q418, M419, W420, A421, A422, L434, S435, S436, A437, G438, L439, G440, A441, M442, G443, D467, G468, S469, L471, N473, L477, M479, Q495, H496, L497, G498, M499, V501, Q502, Q504, D505, R506, Y508, K509, A510, N511, R512, A513, H514, T515, S524, H572, Q573, E574, H575, V576, L577, P578, M579, I580, P581, G583, G584, functional equivalents of any of the foregoing, and any combination of any of the foregoing; (iii) deletion of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between Q124 and H150 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (iv) addition of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between Q124 and H150 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (v) deletion of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between G300 and D324 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (vi) addition of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between G300 and D324 of the sequence of FIG. 1; or (vii) any combination of any of the foregoing, or functional equivalents thereof.
 34. DNA as defined in claim 33, wherein said modification alters the ability of an herbicide to inhibit the enzymatic activity of said protein.
 35. DNA as defined in claim 34, wherein said herbicide is selected from the group consisting of imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, triazolopyrimidine sulfonamides, pyrimidyl-oxy-benzoic acids, sulfamoylureas, sulfonylcarboxamides, and combinations thereof.
 36. DNA as defined in claim 33, wherein said AHAS protein is derived from Arabidopsis thaliana.
 37. DNA as defined in claim 33, wherein said substitution is selected from the group consisting of Met53Trp, Met53Glu, Met53Ile, Met53His, Arg128Ala, Arg128Glu, Phe135Arg, Ile330Phe, a functional equivalent of any of the foregoing, or a combination of any of the foregoing.
 38. DNA as defined in claim 37, wherein said variant AHAS protein has (a) in the absence of at least one AHAS inhibiting herbicide, (i) a catalytic activity alone sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed; or (ii) catalytic activity in combination with any second herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein also expressed in said cell, which may be the same as or different than said AHAS variant protein, sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed; wherein said cell requires AHAS activity for viability; and (b) catalytic activity that is more resistant to at least one herbicide than is wild type AHAS.
 39. DNA as defined in claim 33, wherein said variant AHAS has more than about 20% of the catalytic activity of wild-type AHAS.
 40. DNA defined in claim 39, wherein said variant AHAS is at least 2-fold more resistant to imidazolinone-based herbicides than to sulfonylurea-based herbicides.
 41. A DNA vector comprising the DNA sequence of claim 33 operably linked to a transcription regulatory element.
 42. A cell comprising an AHAS encoding DNA sequence derived from a DNA vector as defined in claim 41, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of bacterial, fungal, plant, insect, and mammalian cells.
 43. A cell as defined in claim 42, comprising a plant cell.
 44. A seed comprising a cell as defined in claim
 43. 45. A variant AHAS protein comprising a protein encoded by a DNA as defined in claim
 33. 46. A variant AHAS protein comprising an AHAS protein modified by (i) substitution of at least one different amino acid residue at an amino acid residue of the sequence of FIG. 1 selected from the group consisting of P48, G49, S52, M53, E54, A84, A95, T96 ,S97, G98, P99, G100, A101, V125, R127, R128, M129, I130, G131, T132, D133, F135, Q136, D186, I187, T259, T260, L261, M262, G263, R276, M277, L278, G279, H281, G282, T283, V284, G300, V301, R302, F303, D304, R306, V307, T308, G309, K310, I311, E312, A313, F314, A315, S316, R317, A318, K319, I320, E329, I330, K332, N333, K334, Q335, T404, G413, V414, G415, Q416, H417, Q418, M419, W420, A421, A422, L434, S435, S436, A437, G438, L439, G440, A441, M442, G443, D467, G468, S469, L471, N473, L477, M479, Q495, H496, L497, G498, M499, V501, Q502, Q504, D505, R506, Y508, K509, A510, N511, R512, A513, H514, T515, S524, H572, Q573, E574, H575, V576, L577, P578, M579, I580, P581, G583, G584, functional equivalents of any of the foregoing, and any combination of any of the foregoing; (ii) deletion of up to 5 amino acid residues preceding, or up to 5 amino acid residues following at least one amino acid residue of the sequence of FIG. 1 selected from the group consisting of P48, G49, S52, M53, E54, A84, A95, T96, S97, G98, P99, G100, A101, V125, R127, R128, M129, I130, G131, T132, D133, F135, Q136, D186, I187, T259, T260, L261, M262, G263, R276, M277, L278, G279, H281, G282, T283, V284, G300, V301, R302, F303, D304, R306, V307, T308, G309, K310, I311, E312, A313, F314, A315, S316, R317, A318, K319, I320, E329, I330, K332, N333, K334, Q335, T404, G413, V414, G415, Q416, H417, Q418, M419, W420, A421, A422, L434, S435, S436, A437, G438, L439, G440, A441, M442, G443, D467, G468, S469, L471, N473, L477, M479, Q495, H496, L497, G498, M499, V501, Q502, Q504, D505, R506, Y508, K509, A510, N511, R512, A513, H514, T515, S524, H572, Q573, E574, H575, V576, L577, P578, M579, I580, P581, G583, G584, functional equivalents of any of the foregoing, and any combination of any of the foregoing; (iii) deletion of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between Q124 and H150 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (iv) addition of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between Q124 and H150 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (v) deletion of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between G300 and D324 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (vi) addition of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between G300 and D324 of the sequence of FIG. 1; or (vii) any combination of any of the foregoing.
 47. A variant AHAS protein as defined in claim 46, wherein said modification alters the ability of a herbicide to inhibit the enzymatic activity of said protein.
 48. A variant AHAS protein as defined in claim 46, wherein said herbicide is selected from the group consisting of an imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, triazolopyrimidine, sulfomamides, pyrimidyl-oxy-benzoic acids, sulfamoylureas, sulfonylcarboxamides, and combinations thereof.
 49. A variant AHAS protein as defined in claim 46, wherein said AHAS protein is derived from Arabidopsis thaliana.
 50. A variant AHAS protein as defined in claim 46, wherein said substitution is selected from the group consisting of Met53Trp, Met53Glu, Met53Ile, Met53His, Arg128Ala, Arg128Glu, Phe135Arg, Ile330Phe, a functional equivalent of any of the foregoing, or a combination of any of the foregoing or functional equivalents thereof.
 51. A variant AHAS protein as defined in claim 46, wherein said variant AHAS protein has (a) in the absence of said at least one AHAS inhibiting herbicide, (i) a catalytic activity alone sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed; or (ii) catalytic activity in combination with any second herbicide resistant AHAS variant protein also expressed in said cell, which may be the same as or different than said AHAS variant protein, sufficient to maintain the viability of a cell in which it is expressed; wherein said cell requires AHAS activity for viability; and (b) catalytic activity that is more resistant to at least one herbicide than is wild type AHAS.
 52. A variant AHAS protein as defined in claim 46, wherein said variant AHAS has more than about 20% of the catalytic activity of wild-type AHAS.
 53. A method for conferring herbicide resistance on a cell, said method comprising: (a) cloning a DNA as defined in claim 33 into a compatible expression vector; and (b) transforming said DNA into said cell, under conditions wherein said gene is expressed at sufficient levels to confer herbicide resistance on said cell.
 54. A cell prepared according to the method of claim
 53. 55. A plant comprising a cell as defined in claim
 54. 56. A method as defined in claim 53, wherein said mutated gene encodes a different amino acid at least one of positions 53, 128, 135, or combinations thereof.
 57. A method as defined in claim 56, wherein said AHAS gene comprises the Arabidopsis thaliana AHAS gene.
 58. A method as defined in claim 53, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of bacterial, fungal, plant, insect, and mammalian cells.
 59. A method as defined in claim 58, wherein said cell is a plant cell.
 60. A method as defined in claim 59, wherein said cell is in a seed.
 61. A method for production of herbicide-resistant AHAS protein, said method comprising: (a) selecting an amino acid position in an AHAS protein as a target for mutation; (b) mutating DNA encoding AHAS to produce a mutated DNA encoding a mutation at said position; (c) expressing said mutated DNA in a first cell, under conditions in which a variant AHAS is produced containing said mutation at said position; (d) expressing wild-type AHAS protein in parallel in a second cell; (e) purifying said wild-type and said variant AHAS proteins, from said cells; (f) assaying said wild-type and said variant AHAS proteins, for catalytic activity in conversion of pyruvate to acetolactate, in the absence and in the presence of imidazolinone or sulfonylurea herbicides; and (g) repeating steps (a)-(g), wherein said mutated DNA is used as the AHAS-encoding DNA in step (b) until an herbicide resistant AHAS protein having: (i) catalytic activity in the absence of herbicides of more than about 20% of the catalytic activity of said wild-type AHAS; (ii) catalytic activity that is relatively more resistant to the presence of imidazolinone herbicides compared to wild type AHAS; and (iii) catalytic activity that is relatively more sensitive to the presence of sulfonylurea herbicides compared to imidazolinone herbicides is identified.
 62. A method as defined in claim 61, wherein said herbicide is selected from the group consisting of imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, triazolopyrimidine sulfonamides, pyrimidyl-oxy-benzoic acids, sulfamoylureas, sulfonylcarboxamides, and combinations thereof.
 63. A method as defined in claim 61, wherein said AHAS protein is derived from Arabidopsis thaliana.
 64. A method as defined in claim 61, wherein said cell is E. coli.
 65. A method as defined in claim 61, wherein said target AHAS protein comprises a protein having the sequence of FIG.
 1. 66. A method as defined in claim 65, wherein said mutation is selected from the group consisting of (i) substitution of at least one different amino acid residue at an amino acid residue of the sequence of FIG. 1 selected from the group consisting of P48, G49, S52, M53, E54, A84, A95, T96, S97, G98, P99, G100, A101, V125, R127, R128, M129, I130, G131, T132, D133, F135, Q136, D186, I187, T259, T260, L261, M262, G263, R276, M277, L278, G279, H281, G282, T283, V284, G300, V301, R302, F303, D304, R306, V307, T308, G309, K310, I311, E312, A313, F314, A315, S316, R317, A318, K319, I320, E329, I330, K332, N333, K334, Q335, T404, G413, V414, G415, Q416, H417, Q418, M419, W420, A421, A422, L434, S435, S436, A437, G438, L439, G440, A441, M442, G443, D467, G468, S469, L471, N473, L477, M479, Q495, H496, L497, G498, M499, V501, Q502, Q504, D505, R506, Y508, K509, A510, N511, R512, A513, H514, T515, S524, H572, Q573, E574, H575, V576, L577, P578, M579, I580, P581, G583, G584, functional equivalents of any of the foregoing, and any combination of any of the foregoing; (ii) deletion of up to 5 amino acid residues preceding, or up to 5 amino acid residues following at least one amino acid residue of the sequence of FIG. 1 selected from the group consisting of P48, G49, S52, M53, E54, A84, A95, T96, S97, G98, P99, G100 , A101, V125, R127, R128, M129, I130, G131, T132, D133, F135, Q136, D186, I187, T259, T260, L261, M262, G263, R276, M277, L278, G279, H281, G282, T283, V284, G300, V301, R302, F303, D304, R306, V307, T308, G309, K310, I311, E312, A313, F314, A315, S316, R317, A318, K319, I320, E329, I330, K332, N333, K334, Q335, T404, G413, V414, G415, Q416, H417, Q418, M419, W420, A421, A422, L434, S435, S436, A437, G438, L439, G440, A441, M442, G443, D467, G468, S469, L471, N473, L477, M479, Q495, H496, L497, G498, M499, V501, Q502, Q504, D505, R506, Y508, K509, A510, N511, R512, A513, H514, T515, S524, H572, Q573, E574, H575, V576, L577, P578, M579, I580, P581, G583, G584, functional equivalents of any of the foregoing, and any combination of any of the foregoing; (iii) deletion of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between Q124 and H150 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (iv) addition of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between Q124 and H150 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (v) deletion of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between G300 and D324 of the sequence of FIG. 1; (vi) addition of at least one amino acid residue or a functional equivalent thereof between G300 and D324 of the sequence of FIG. 1; or (vii) any combination of any of the foregoing.
 67. A method as defined in claim 66, wherein said substitution is selected from the group consisting of Met53Trp, Met53Glu, Met53Ile, Met53His, Arg128Ala, Arg128Glu, Phe135Arg, Ile330Phe, a functional equivalent of any of the foregoing, or a combination of any of the foregoing.
 68. A method for controlling weeds in a crop, said method comprising cultivating a crop comprising herbicide resistant plants as defined in claim 55, and treating said crop with a weed controlling effective amount of said herbicide.
 69. A method for controlling weeds in a crop, said method comprising cultivating a crop comprising herbicide resistant plants as defined in claim 55, and treating said crop with a weed controlling effective amount of an herbicidal composition comprising said herbicide.
 70. A structure-based modelling method for the preparation of a first herbicide which inhibits AHAS activity, said method comprising: (a) aligning a target AHAS protein on pyruvate oxidase template or an AHAS modelling functional equivalent thereof to derive the three-dimensional structure of said target AHAS protein; (b) modelling a second herbicide having AHAS inhibiting activity into said three-dimensional structure to derive the location, structure, or a combination thereof of an herbicide binding pocket in said target AHAS protein; and (c) designing a non-peptidic first herbicide which will interact with an AHAS activity inhibiting effective portion of said binding pocket, wherein said first herbicide inhibits said AHAS activity sufficiently to destroy the viability of a cell which requires AHAS activity for viability.
 71. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 70, wherein said AHAS modelling functional equivalent is selected from the group consisting of transketolases, carboligases, and pyruvate decarboxylase.
 72. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 70, wherein said first herbicide contains at least one functional group that interacts with a functional group of said binding pocket.
 73. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 70, wherein said first herbicide binds to at least an AHAS activity-inhibiting effective portion of said binding pocket.
 74. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 70, wherein said first herbicide inhibits said catalytic activity of said AHAS to less than about 20% of the catalytic activity of wild-type AHAS.
 75. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 70, wherein said target AHAS protein is derived from Arabidopsis thaliana.
 76. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 70, wherein said target AHAS protein comprises a protein having the sequence of FIG. 1 or a functional equivalent thereof.
 77. A structure-based modelling method for the production of a first herbicide which inhibits AHAS activity, said method comprising: (a) aligning a target AHAS protein on a first AHAS template derived from a polypeptide having the sequence of FIG. 1 or a functional equivalent thereof, to derive the three-dimensional structure of said target AHAS protein; (b) modelling a second herbicide having AHAS inhibiting activity into said three-dimensional structure to derive the location, structure, or a combination thereof of an herbicide binding pocket in said target AHAS protein; and (c) designing a non-peptidic first herbicide which will interact with an AHAS activity inhibiting effective portion of said binding pocket, wherein said first herbicide inhibits said AHAS activity sufficiently to destroy the viability of a cell which requires AHAS activity for viability.
 78. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 77, wherein said first herbicide contains at least one functional group that interacts with a functional group of said binding pocket.
 79. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 77, wherein said first herbicide binds to at least an AHAS activity inhibiting effective portion of said binding pocket.
 80. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 77, wherein said first herbicide inhibits said catalytic activity of said AHAS to less than about 20% of the catalytic activity of wild-type AHAS.
 81. A structure-based modelling method as defined in claim 77, wherein said target AHAS protein is derived from Arabidopsis thaliana.
 82. A structure-based modelling method for the production of a first herbicide which inhibits AHAS activity, said method comprising: (a) designing a non-peptide herbicide which will interact with an AHAS activity inhibiting-effective portion of a binding pocket of an AHAS protein, wherein said herbicide inhibits said AHAS activity sufficiently to destroy the viability of a cell which requires AHAS activity for viability.
 83. A cell transformed with a DNA as defined in claim 33, wherein said DNA is expressed in said cell at sufficient levels to confer herbicide resistance on said cell.
 84. A plant transformed with a DNA as defined in claim 33, wherein said DNA is expressed in said plant at sufficient levels to confer herbicide resistance on said plant. 